The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
www. centauro. it
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement J. SATHEESHKUMAR*, R. RAJESH*, S. ARUMUGAPERUMAL**, C. KESAVDAS*** * School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University; Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India ** St. Hindu College; Nagercoil, India *** Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram, India
Key words: BOLD, fMRI, SPM, lip movement
SUMMARY – The analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data can provide information on task-related activities, functional/effective connectivity among regions and the influences of behavioral/physiologic states on connectivity. This paper illustrates the importance of the neurobiological constraints involved in using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) through Matlab simulation and thus helping the radiologist to interpret the results better. This paper also presents the results and inferences from neuroimaging data of the lip movement experiment using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950).
Introduction The human brain and its functioning have been of interest to medical scientists for several decades. Advances in computer science and technology have led to the development of imaging techniques in recent years. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most recently developed of those techniques which has had an impact on almost every neuroscience field and paved the way for the study of the human brain to address unanswered questions in psychology, cognitive science, psychopathology, etc. 1-11,13. Recent advances in functional neuroimaging techniques are revolutionizing the approach to surgical planning in tumor resection and in patients with intractable epilepsy 15. The functional process of the brain is still a new and difficult task to understand and analyse. SPM2 is a relatively new tool, which serves the purpose of mapping Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to a statistical parametric map to identify the sensory, motor and cognitive tasks in the specific regions of the brain. This paper presents a detailed experimental study of a tumor patient. The study reported in this paper forms only an initial analysis of finding the
region of influence of lip movement to understand whether the tumor has any influence on lip movement. This study will not identify or diagnose a tumor. This paper explains the steps involved in obtaining a statistical parametric map and also displays and visualizes various parameters and graphs for the lip movement experiment. The results match the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. Materials and Methods The fMRI data set of a subject used in this study was imaged from a 1.5T MRI system (Siemens Avanto), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India. A structural image of the brain with 176 slices of 1 mm thickness was obtained for overlaying the final results. Functional images of 100 volumes were obtained during the experiment, where each volume consisted of 36 slices of 3 mm thickness. Each volume scan was acquired over 3.58 seconds with voxel size of 64×64×36. The total experiment took around 6 minutes to complete the scan. The subject was asked to move the 23
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 1 Paradigm design using boxcar. −3
0.12
1.5
x translation y translation z translation
0.1
x 10
pitch roll yaw 1
0.08
0.06
0.5
0.02
mm
mm
0.04
0
0
−0.5
−0.02
−0.04
−1 −0.06
−0.08
0
10
20
30
40
50 image
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 2 Translation of images with respect to the first functional image.
−1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50 image
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 3 Rotation of images with respect to the first functional image.
0.45 1
0.4
0.35
relative spectral density
regressor[s]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15 0.2
0.1
0.05
0
10
20
30
40
50 scan
60
70
80
90
100
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06 0.08 Frequency (Hz)
0.1
0.12
Figure 4 Time domain regressors for lips.
Figure 5 Frequency domain using 128 second high-pass filter.
lips during specified timings. The experiment started with 10 scans (35.8 s) of rest followed by 10 scans (35.8 ) of lip movement. Five cycles of rest-lip movement completes the experiment
obtaining 100 volumes of data. Figure 1 shows the boxcar design for the paradigm. The data were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2, Wellcome Department of Cog-
24
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Table 1 Fields significantly activated by lip-motion obtained after t-test (p-values are adjusted for search volume)
set-level
Cluster-level
voxel-level
x, y, z {mm}
p
c
pcorr
kE
puncorr
pFWE–corr
pFDR–corr
T
ZE
puncorr
0.591
10
0.000
180
0.000
0.000
0.000
8.07
7.01
0.000
55
–16
26
0.003
0.000
5.59
5.18
0.000
43
–16
45
0.000
0.000
6.08
5.56
0.000
–470
–12
23
0.838
0.017
3.87
3.72
0.000
–510
–27
11
0.997
0.052
3.43
3.32
0.000
–430
–31
15
0.012
0.000
5.30
4.94
0.000
51
008
–4
0.961
0.032
3.66
3.53
0.000
39
000
11
0.001
0.011
070
042
0.000
0.001
0.369
013
0.044
0.365
0.004
4.34
4.13
0.000
–120
–55
–300
0.663
008
0.105
0.810
0.016
3.90
3.75
0.000
–160
–55
–640
0.919
004
0.241
0.908
0.022
3.77
3.63
0.000
–430
051
–340
0.986
002
0.408
0.995
0.048
3.46
3.35
0.000
43
–35
15
0.986
002
0.408
0.998
0.058
3.39
3.28
0.001
12
–51
60
0.986
002
0.408
0.999
0.059
3.37
3.27
0.001
–8
0–8
49
0.997
001
0.569
1.000
0.068
3.31
3.21
0.001
12
0–4
–450
nitive Neurology, London, UK) implemented in Matlab 3,4. The scanning protocol used sequential axial-slice acquisition in ascending order, activations in different slices were measured at different time points. Hence the data were interpolated and resampled during the realignment phase. A mean image was created during the realignment phase. The structural MRI, acquired using a standard three-dimensional T1 weighted sequence was co-registered to this mean (T *2 ) image. The data were smoothed using a 8 mm full width at half maximum isotropic Gaussian kernel. Data analysis was performed by modeling the different conditions (lip movement and rest) as reference waveform in the context of the general linear model 3. The t-statistics for all the voxels were obtained by testing the specific stimuli with appropriate linear contrasts. The z-statistics, namely the statistical parametric map (SPM) were obtained by transforming the t-statistics. These statistical parametric maps were then interpreted. To identify the regions of response, the ‘lip movement’ and ‘rest’ stimulus conditions were compared. The detailed simulations and the results of each steps of simulation along with the parameters are discussed in the following sections.
All functional images were realigned to the first functional image using a six-parameter rigid-body transformation 4. A mean image was created during the realignment phase. Figure 2 shows the x, y and z translations and figure 3 shows the pitch, roll and yaw rotations. The structural MRI, acquired using a standard three-dimensional T1 weighted sequence was co-registered to the mean (T *2 ) image. For analysis using SPM, the images were spatially smoothed using Gaussian with FWHM 8 mm. In the design stage of fMRI, the interscan interval (TR) was assigned as 3.58 s, where TR is the time taken to gather one whole-brain volume. The vector onsets given for the experiment should match with the paradigm design and were assigned as [11,31,51,71,91] (given in scans) with duration of 10 scans. Figure 4 shows the time domain regressors for lips and figure 5 shows the Frequency domain using a 128 second high-pass filter. After specifying the spm.mat file and all smoothed images in the data specification stage of fMRI, the design matrix was created and is shown in figure 6. Following the design and data specification, estimation was done by estimating parameters, smoothness parameters and hyperparameters. 25
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
Figure 6 Design matrix. The first column contains timing for the lip movement. White strips correspond to the lip movement. The second column corresponds to the constant.
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 7 T-map giving the maximum intensity projection on the so called “glass brain”.
Figure 8 Overlay of filtered SPM on a structural image. The coloured regions show the activations due to lip movement.
26
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Statistical parametric mapping is done after estimation with t-contrast as [1,0], where 1 represents the active condition [statistical parametric mapping refers to the construction of spatially extended statistical processes to test hypotheses on regionally specific effects 3. Statistical parametric maps (SPMs) are image processes with voxel values that under the null hypothesis are distributed according to a known probability density function, usually Student’s T or F distributions. These are known colloquially as T-or F-maps]. This process undergoes T test and produces the T-map. Results and Discussion Figure 7 shows the T-map which gives the maximum intensity projection on the so called “glass brain”. Fields significantly activated by lip-motion obtained after t-test (p-values are adjusted for search volume) are shown in table 1. Orthogonal sections of the threshold statistics image overlaid on a high resolution T1 weighted structural image is shown in figure 8, where the coloured regions show the activations due to lip movement. The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. Figure 9 shows the 3D view of activation regions for lip movement.
Figure 9 Three-dimensional view of activation regions for lipmovement.
Figure 10 Hemodynamic motion of a voxel at (55-16 26) with radius 3 mm.
27
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
Figure 11 Stimulus efficacy with 90% confidence intervals for lip movement.
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 12 State variables for the first order kernel – lip movement.
↑ Figure 14 BOLD response for lip movement. 1st order kernal.
← Figure 13 Hemodynamic parameters for lip movement.
28
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Figure 15 BOLD response for lip movement. 2nd order kernal.
Hemodynamic responses of a voxel at ([55 –16, 26] (corresponds to global maximum) have also been carried out and the results are as follows. Hemodynamic responses of a voxel at maximum intensity projection ([55 –16 26]) with radius 3 mm is shown in figure 10. Stimulus efficacy with 90% confidence intervals, state variables for the first order kernel, hemodynamic parameters, 1st order and 2nd order kernals for BOLD responses for the voxel ([55 –16 26]) are shown in figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.
obtained using the statistical parametric map (SPM) helped the radiologist to interpret the results. The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. This experiment showed that the tumor has no influence on lip movement since the motor activation region of lips is far away from the tumor.
Conclusion
The first two authors thank Dr A.K. Gupta, Dr C. Sujesh, Dr B. Thomas, Dr Kapilamoorthy and colleagues at the Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology for supporting them in their research training at the institution. They also thank all staff at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University for their support. The first author thank Sri Chandira Sekarendra Saraswathi Visva Maha Vidyalaya University, Kanchipuram for supporting his research activities.
The objective of functional imaging is to characterize the activity in a particular brain region in terms of stimuli given to the subject. The statistical parameter map applied to the fMRI time-series thus obtained helps a lot in radiological analysis for interpreting the results including the underlying pathology. This paper presents the results and inferences from neuroimaging data of lip movement of a tumor subject obtained from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology and the experimental results
Acknowledgement
29
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
J. Satheeshkumar
References 1 Bandettini PA, Jesmanowicz A, Wong EC et Al: Processing strategies for time course data sets in functional MRI of the human brain. Mag. Res. Med. 30: 161-173, 1993. 2 Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Williams SCR et Al: Statistical methods of estimation and inference for functional MR images. Mag. Res. Med. 35: 261-277, 1996. 3 Friston KJ, Homles AP, Worsley KJ et Al: Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach. Human Brain Map 2: 189-210, 1995. 4 Friston KJ, Ashburner J, Frith CD et Al: Spatial registration and normalization of images. Human Brain Mapp 2: 165-189, 1995. 5 Friston KJ, Jezzard PJ, Turner R: Analysis of functional MRI time-series. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1: 153-171, 1994. 6 Friston KJ, Frith CD, Turner R et Al: Characterizing evoked hemodynamics with fMRI. NeuroImage 2: 157165, 1995. 7 Friston KJ, Ungerleider LG, Jezzard P et Al: Characterizing modulatory interactions between V1 and V2 in human cortex with fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2: 211224, 1995. 8 Friston KJ, Williams S, Howard R et Al: Movement related effects in fMRI time series. Mag. Res. Med. 35: 346-355, 1996. 9 Gerardin E, Lehericy S, Pochon JB et Al: Foot, Hand, Face and Eye Representation in the Human Stratum. Cerebral cortex 13: 162-169, 2003. 10 Koelsch S, Fritz T, Schulze K et Al: Adults and children processing music: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 25: 1068-1076, 2005.
30
11 Mrocz I, Karni A, Haut S et Al: fMRI of triggerable aurae in musicogenic epilepsy. Neurology 60: 705-709, 2003. 12 Penfield W, Rasmussen T: The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan 1950. 13 Sadato N, Okada T, Honda M et Al: Cross-model intergartion and plastic changes revealed by lip movement, random-dot motion and sign languages in the hearing and deaf. Cerebral Cortex 15: 1113-1122, 2005. 14 Talairach J. Tournoux P: Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York, Thieme 1998. 15 fMRI Brain Mapping Paradigms: Task Requirements and Recommendations - White Paper. Neurognostics, Inc. 2006: 1-9.
Mr. J. Satheeshkumar School of Computer Science and Engineering Bharathiar University Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641046 India E-mail: [email protected]
www. centauro. it
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement J. SATHEESHKUMAR*, R. RAJESH*, S. ARUMUGAPERUMAL**, C. KESAVDAS*** * School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University; Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India ** St. Hindu College; Nagercoil, India *** Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram, India
Key words: BOLD, fMRI, SPM, lip movement
SUMMARY – The analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data can provide information on task-related activities, functional/effective connectivity among regions and the influences of behavioral/physiologic states on connectivity. This paper illustrates the importance of the neurobiological constraints involved in using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) through Matlab simulation and thus helping the radiologist to interpret the results better. This paper also presents the results and inferences from neuroimaging data of the lip movement experiment using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950).
Introduction The human brain and its functioning have been of interest to medical scientists for several decades. Advances in computer science and technology have led to the development of imaging techniques in recent years. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most recently developed of those techniques which has had an impact on almost every neuroscience field and paved the way for the study of the human brain to address unanswered questions in psychology, cognitive science, psychopathology, etc. 1-11,13. Recent advances in functional neuroimaging techniques are revolutionizing the approach to surgical planning in tumor resection and in patients with intractable epilepsy 15. The functional process of the brain is still a new and difficult task to understand and analyse. SPM2 is a relatively new tool, which serves the purpose of mapping Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to a statistical parametric map to identify the sensory, motor and cognitive tasks in the specific regions of the brain. This paper presents a detailed experimental study of a tumor patient. The study reported in this paper forms only an initial analysis of finding the
region of influence of lip movement to understand whether the tumor has any influence on lip movement. This study will not identify or diagnose a tumor. This paper explains the steps involved in obtaining a statistical parametric map and also displays and visualizes various parameters and graphs for the lip movement experiment. The results match the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. Materials and Methods The fMRI data set of a subject used in this study was imaged from a 1.5T MRI system (Siemens Avanto), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India. A structural image of the brain with 176 slices of 1 mm thickness was obtained for overlaying the final results. Functional images of 100 volumes were obtained during the experiment, where each volume consisted of 36 slices of 3 mm thickness. Each volume scan was acquired over 3.58 seconds with voxel size of 64×64×36. The total experiment took around 6 minutes to complete the scan. The subject was asked to move the 23
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 1 Paradigm design using boxcar. −3
0.12
1.5
x translation y translation z translation
0.1
x 10
pitch roll yaw 1
0.08
0.06
0.5
0.02
mm
mm
0.04
0
0
−0.5
−0.02
−0.04
−1 −0.06
−0.08
0
10
20
30
40
50 image
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 2 Translation of images with respect to the first functional image.
−1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50 image
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 3 Rotation of images with respect to the first functional image.
0.45 1
0.4
0.35
relative spectral density
regressor[s]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15 0.2
0.1
0.05
0
10
20
30
40
50 scan
60
70
80
90
100
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06 0.08 Frequency (Hz)
0.1
0.12
Figure 4 Time domain regressors for lips.
Figure 5 Frequency domain using 128 second high-pass filter.
lips during specified timings. The experiment started with 10 scans (35.8 s) of rest followed by 10 scans (35.8 ) of lip movement. Five cycles of rest-lip movement completes the experiment
obtaining 100 volumes of data. Figure 1 shows the boxcar design for the paradigm. The data were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2, Wellcome Department of Cog-
24
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Table 1 Fields significantly activated by lip-motion obtained after t-test (p-values are adjusted for search volume)
set-level
Cluster-level
voxel-level
x, y, z {mm}
p
c
pcorr
kE
puncorr
pFWE–corr
pFDR–corr
T
ZE
puncorr
0.591
10
0.000
180
0.000
0.000
0.000
8.07
7.01
0.000
55
–16
26
0.003
0.000
5.59
5.18
0.000
43
–16
45
0.000
0.000
6.08
5.56
0.000
–470
–12
23
0.838
0.017
3.87
3.72
0.000
–510
–27
11
0.997
0.052
3.43
3.32
0.000
–430
–31
15
0.012
0.000
5.30
4.94
0.000
51
008
–4
0.961
0.032
3.66
3.53
0.000
39
000
11
0.001
0.011
070
042
0.000
0.001
0.369
013
0.044
0.365
0.004
4.34
4.13
0.000
–120
–55
–300
0.663
008
0.105
0.810
0.016
3.90
3.75
0.000
–160
–55
–640
0.919
004
0.241
0.908
0.022
3.77
3.63
0.000
–430
051
–340
0.986
002
0.408
0.995
0.048
3.46
3.35
0.000
43
–35
15
0.986
002
0.408
0.998
0.058
3.39
3.28
0.001
12
–51
60
0.986
002
0.408
0.999
0.059
3.37
3.27
0.001
–8
0–8
49
0.997
001
0.569
1.000
0.068
3.31
3.21
0.001
12
0–4
–450
nitive Neurology, London, UK) implemented in Matlab 3,4. The scanning protocol used sequential axial-slice acquisition in ascending order, activations in different slices were measured at different time points. Hence the data were interpolated and resampled during the realignment phase. A mean image was created during the realignment phase. The structural MRI, acquired using a standard three-dimensional T1 weighted sequence was co-registered to this mean (T *2 ) image. The data were smoothed using a 8 mm full width at half maximum isotropic Gaussian kernel. Data analysis was performed by modeling the different conditions (lip movement and rest) as reference waveform in the context of the general linear model 3. The t-statistics for all the voxels were obtained by testing the specific stimuli with appropriate linear contrasts. The z-statistics, namely the statistical parametric map (SPM) were obtained by transforming the t-statistics. These statistical parametric maps were then interpreted. To identify the regions of response, the ‘lip movement’ and ‘rest’ stimulus conditions were compared. The detailed simulations and the results of each steps of simulation along with the parameters are discussed in the following sections.
All functional images were realigned to the first functional image using a six-parameter rigid-body transformation 4. A mean image was created during the realignment phase. Figure 2 shows the x, y and z translations and figure 3 shows the pitch, roll and yaw rotations. The structural MRI, acquired using a standard three-dimensional T1 weighted sequence was co-registered to the mean (T *2 ) image. For analysis using SPM, the images were spatially smoothed using Gaussian with FWHM 8 mm. In the design stage of fMRI, the interscan interval (TR) was assigned as 3.58 s, where TR is the time taken to gather one whole-brain volume. The vector onsets given for the experiment should match with the paradigm design and were assigned as [11,31,51,71,91] (given in scans) with duration of 10 scans. Figure 4 shows the time domain regressors for lips and figure 5 shows the Frequency domain using a 128 second high-pass filter. After specifying the spm.mat file and all smoothed images in the data specification stage of fMRI, the design matrix was created and is shown in figure 6. Following the design and data specification, estimation was done by estimating parameters, smoothness parameters and hyperparameters. 25
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
Figure 6 Design matrix. The first column contains timing for the lip movement. White strips correspond to the lip movement. The second column corresponds to the constant.
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 7 T-map giving the maximum intensity projection on the so called “glass brain”.
Figure 8 Overlay of filtered SPM on a structural image. The coloured regions show the activations due to lip movement.
26
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Statistical parametric mapping is done after estimation with t-contrast as [1,0], where 1 represents the active condition [statistical parametric mapping refers to the construction of spatially extended statistical processes to test hypotheses on regionally specific effects 3. Statistical parametric maps (SPMs) are image processes with voxel values that under the null hypothesis are distributed according to a known probability density function, usually Student’s T or F distributions. These are known colloquially as T-or F-maps]. This process undergoes T test and produces the T-map. Results and Discussion Figure 7 shows the T-map which gives the maximum intensity projection on the so called “glass brain”. Fields significantly activated by lip-motion obtained after t-test (p-values are adjusted for search volume) are shown in table 1. Orthogonal sections of the threshold statistics image overlaid on a high resolution T1 weighted structural image is shown in figure 8, where the coloured regions show the activations due to lip movement. The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. Figure 9 shows the 3D view of activation regions for lip movement.
Figure 9 Three-dimensional view of activation regions for lipmovement.
Figure 10 Hemodynamic motion of a voxel at (55-16 26) with radius 3 mm.
27
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
Figure 11 Stimulus efficacy with 90% confidence intervals for lip movement.
J. Satheeshkumar
Figure 12 State variables for the first order kernel – lip movement.
↑ Figure 14 BOLD response for lip movement. 1st order kernal.
← Figure 13 Hemodynamic parameters for lip movement.
28
www. centauro. it
The Neuroradiology Journal 21: 23-30, 2008
Figure 15 BOLD response for lip movement. 2nd order kernal.
Hemodynamic responses of a voxel at ([55 –16, 26] (corresponds to global maximum) have also been carried out and the results are as follows. Hemodynamic responses of a voxel at maximum intensity projection ([55 –16 26]) with radius 3 mm is shown in figure 10. Stimulus efficacy with 90% confidence intervals, state variables for the first order kernel, hemodynamic parameters, 1st order and 2nd order kernals for BOLD responses for the voxel ([55 –16 26]) are shown in figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.
obtained using the statistical parametric map (SPM) helped the radiologist to interpret the results. The results match with the sensory/motor activation atlas by Penfield and Rasmussen (1950) 12,14. This experiment showed that the tumor has no influence on lip movement since the motor activation region of lips is far away from the tumor.
Conclusion
The first two authors thank Dr A.K. Gupta, Dr C. Sujesh, Dr B. Thomas, Dr Kapilamoorthy and colleagues at the Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology for supporting them in their research training at the institution. They also thank all staff at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University for their support. The first author thank Sri Chandira Sekarendra Saraswathi Visva Maha Vidyalaya University, Kanchipuram for supporting his research activities.
The objective of functional imaging is to characterize the activity in a particular brain region in terms of stimuli given to the subject. The statistical parameter map applied to the fMRI time-series thus obtained helps a lot in radiological analysis for interpreting the results including the underlying pathology. This paper presents the results and inferences from neuroimaging data of lip movement of a tumor subject obtained from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology and the experimental results
Acknowledgement
29
On Experimenting with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lip Movement
J. Satheeshkumar
References 1 Bandettini PA, Jesmanowicz A, Wong EC et Al: Processing strategies for time course data sets in functional MRI of the human brain. Mag. Res. Med. 30: 161-173, 1993. 2 Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Williams SCR et Al: Statistical methods of estimation and inference for functional MR images. Mag. Res. Med. 35: 261-277, 1996. 3 Friston KJ, Homles AP, Worsley KJ et Al: Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach. Human Brain Map 2: 189-210, 1995. 4 Friston KJ, Ashburner J, Frith CD et Al: Spatial registration and normalization of images. Human Brain Mapp 2: 165-189, 1995. 5 Friston KJ, Jezzard PJ, Turner R: Analysis of functional MRI time-series. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1: 153-171, 1994. 6 Friston KJ, Frith CD, Turner R et Al: Characterizing evoked hemodynamics with fMRI. NeuroImage 2: 157165, 1995. 7 Friston KJ, Ungerleider LG, Jezzard P et Al: Characterizing modulatory interactions between V1 and V2 in human cortex with fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2: 211224, 1995. 8 Friston KJ, Williams S, Howard R et Al: Movement related effects in fMRI time series. Mag. Res. Med. 35: 346-355, 1996. 9 Gerardin E, Lehericy S, Pochon JB et Al: Foot, Hand, Face and Eye Representation in the Human Stratum. Cerebral cortex 13: 162-169, 2003. 10 Koelsch S, Fritz T, Schulze K et Al: Adults and children processing music: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 25: 1068-1076, 2005.
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11 Mrocz I, Karni A, Haut S et Al: fMRI of triggerable aurae in musicogenic epilepsy. Neurology 60: 705-709, 2003. 12 Penfield W, Rasmussen T: The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan 1950. 13 Sadato N, Okada T, Honda M et Al: Cross-model intergartion and plastic changes revealed by lip movement, random-dot motion and sign languages in the hearing and deaf. Cerebral Cortex 15: 1113-1122, 2005. 14 Talairach J. Tournoux P: Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York, Thieme 1998. 15 fMRI Brain Mapping Paradigms: Task Requirements and Recommendations - White Paper. Neurognostics, Inc. 2006: 1-9.
Mr. J. Satheeshkumar School of Computer Science and Engineering Bharathiar University Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641046 India E-mail: [email protected]
