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Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20
Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction ab
a
b
Mohammed Lataoui , Mongi Seffen , Bahar Aliakbarian , b
b
b
Alessandro Alberto Casazza , Attilio Converti & Patrizia Perego a
Laboratory of Energy and Materials, High School of Sciences and Technology, Sousse University, Rue Lamine Abassi 4011, Hammam, Sousse, Tunisia b
Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Genoa University, via Opera Pia 15, I-16145, Genoa, Italy Published online: 09 Sep 2013.
To cite this article: Mohammed Lataoui, Mongi Seffen, Bahar Aliakbarian, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Attilio Converti & Patrizia Perego (2014) Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, 28:1, 67-69, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.832678 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.832678
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Natural Product Research, 2014 Vol. 28, No. 1, 67–69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.832678
SHORT COMMUNICATION Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction Mohammed Lataouiab, Mongi Seffena, Bahar Aliakbarianb, Alessandro Alberto Casazzab, Attilio Convertib* and Patrizia Peregob
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
a
Laboratory of Energy and Materials, High School of Sciences and Technology, Sousse University, Rue Lamine Abassi 4011, Hammam, Sousse, Tunisia; bDepartment of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Genoa University, via Opera Pia 15, I-16145 Genoa, Italy (Received 5 May 2013; final version received 9 July 2013) To optimise recovery of phenolics from Vitex agnus-castus Linn., a non-conventional high-pressure (2 – 24 bar) and temperature (100 – 1808C) extraction method was used under nitrogen atmosphere with methanol as a solvent. Optimal temperature was between 100 and 1408C, and optimal extraction time was about one half that of conventional solid/liquid extraction at room temperature. Final yields of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, o-diphenols and anthocyanins extraction were 2.0, 3.0, 2.5 and 11-fold those obtained by conventional extraction. Keywords: Vitex agnus-castus; polyphenols; flavonoids; anthocyanins; o-diphenols; HPTE
1. Introduction Vitex, a genus of the Verbenaceae family, includes about 250 species, many of which are used in traditional medicine (Li et al. 2002). Vitex agnus-castus Linn. (VAC) has important healthy properties and is used to treat several diseases (Lucks et al. 2002). VAC synthesises secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, steroids and essential oils) exploitable in herbal medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics and food industries, whose composition and yield vary according to plant part (seeds, roots, flowers, etc.), growth area, soil and weather conditions, cultivation process and harvest period, while their recovery yield is influenced by the extraction method (Sarikurkcu et al. 2009; Latoui et al. 2012). The high-temperature and pressure extraction (HPTE) method was shown to be especially efficient to recover phenols from different biomasses (Aliakbarian et al. 2011; Ben Hamissa et al. 2012). Since there are few works in the literature on polyphenols extraction from VAC (Sarikurkcu et al. 2009; Latoui et al. 2012), an optimisation study by HPTE was performed to increase extraction of phenolic compounds from this material. For this purpose, extractions were carried out selecting the extraction time (30 – 90 min) and temperature (100 – 1808C) as independent variables, and the contents of total polyphenols (TPs), o-diphenols (ODs), total flavonoids (TFs), anthocyanins (ANs) and extract antioxidant activity as responses. 2. Results and discussion It is well known that the extraction time (t) is a key factor influencing the extraction yield, which must be optimised to maximise TPs recovery and minimise costs. After t ¼ 30 min, TP yield (Figure 1(a)) increased by 34% with increasing temperature (T) from 100 to 1408C, while no
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] q 2013 Taylor & Francis
M. Lataoui et al.
Total polyphenol yield (mgCAE/gDB)
(a)
120.0
(c)
e 107.4
100.0 80.0
d 87.3
d 86.2 a,b 65.1
a,b 64.5
a,c 71.1
c a,c 71.5 67.8
b 60.4
60.0 40.0 20.0
Total flavonoid yield (mgCE/gDB)
68
0.0
60.0 50.0 40.0
60
10.0
30
60
(d)
40.0 b,c 30.1
a,b,c b,c 29.0 a 29.8 25.0
25.0
a 24.2
d 17.8
90
Time (min)
ab 27.4
20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
c 30.9
Anthocyanins yield (mgQE/gDB)
o-diphenol yield (mgCAE/gDB)
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
a a a 42.0 41.9 41.7
20.0
90
e 38.1
45.0
30.0
b 36.4
30.0
Time (min)
35.0
c 44.5
0.0 30
(b)
d 46.9
a a 43.0 41.8 b 37.7
4.0
3.6 f
3.5 3.0
2.7 e
2.5
d 2.1
2.0
1.7
c 1.4
1.5
a
a 1.3
a,b a,b 1.3 1.2
1.0 b
1.0 0.5 0.0
30
60
Time (min)
90
30
60
90
Time (min)
Figure 1. Yields of (a) TPs, (b) ODs, (c) TFs and (d) ANs from VAC leaves as function of time and temperature ( 1008C; 1408C; 1808C) using HPTE with methanol as solvent. Values are expressed as means (n ¼ 3). Error bars indicate ^ SD. Different letters within each panel show significant differences at p , 0.05.
statistically significant difference ( p . 0.05) was observed for ODs (Figure 1(b)). These effects became more marked after 60 min, in that TP and OD yields increased by 51% and 114%, respectively. At 1408C TP and OD yields statistically increased ( p , 0.05) with t, reached maximum values after 60 min and then decreased, likely due to oxidative phenomena (Casazza et al. 2011). A maximum TP yield of 107.4 mgCAE g21 DB was obtained at 1408C after 60 min (Figure 1(a)), which should be referred to as optimal conditions. This value is higher than TP contents of methanolic extracts of not only olive pomace (45.2 mg g21 DB), grape seeds 21 (73.7 mg g21 DB) and grape skins (60.7 mg gDB) by HTPE (Casazza et al. 2010; Aliakbarian et al. 2011; Casazza et al. 2012), but also of ethanolic and methanolic VAC leaves extracts obtained by classical extraction (20.5 and 31.5 mg g21 DB, respectively) (Latoui et al. 2012). Under the same optimal conditions as for TP, OD yield reached a maximum value (38.1 mgCAE g21 DB) (Figure 1(b)) more than twice that obtained at ambient conditions (Latoui et al. 2012). TP content decreased remarkably with further increase in T up to 1808C, while no clear trend could be observed for OD. To avoid any interference by other components such as proteins, additional analyses were performed on TFs and ANs, which are notoriously unaffected by their presence. TFs, accounting for 55 – 69% of total components, were the major phenolics fraction, confirming their abundance in VAC (Hoberg et al. 2000). TF yield varied in the range from 36.4 to 46.9 mgCE g21 DB (Figure 1(c)), and its maximum, obtained under the same optimal conditions as for TP and OD, was about 2.5-fold that obtained by conventional extraction (18.6 mgCE g21 DB) (Latoui et al. 2012). TF yield variations were statistically significant ( p , 0.05) only under optimal conditions. Compared with the other constituents, the AN yield reached a maximum of 3.6 mgME g21 DB at the lowest T and the shortest t (Figure 1(d)), consistently with their known instability. This value is one order of magnitude higher than that obtained by classical extraction (0.30 mgME g21 DB) (Latoui et al. 2012).
Natural Product Research
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At the highest T (1808C) the antiradical power (ARP) increased considerably ( p , 0.05) with t and reached a maximum value of 91.5 mgDPPH ml21 extract after 90 min, while the opposite took place at 1008C ( p , 0.05) (Table S1). No linear correlation was found between TP, OD, TF and AN contents and ARP (R 2 # 0.2525), likely due to the release of additional non-phenolic compounds with ARP, such as chlorophyll that is known to interfere with the DPPH assay (Khattab et al. 2010). These results taken together show that the maxima of TP yield and antioxidant activity were not coincident. It is likely that the selected extraction method was more effective for some specific classes of polyphenols than others. The maximum recovery yields of TF and OD did in fact coincide with that of TP, which suggests that under the selected conditions, given the low ARP of the extract, phenols with low antioxidant activity were preferentially extracted. 3. Conclusions Polyphenols, ODs, flavonoids and ANs were extracted from VAC leaves at high-pressure and temperature more efficiently than by classical extraction. Different optimal extraction conditions in terms of temperature and extraction time were observed for each class of these compounds. Supplementary material Supplementary material relating to this article is available online, alongside Table S1. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to Erasmus Mundus Program Averroes for M. Lataoui Ph.D. fellowship.
References Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Perego P. 2011. Valorization of olive oil solid waste using high pressure–high temperature reactor. Food Chem. 128:704 – 710. Ben Hamissa M, Seffen M, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Converti A, Perego P. 2012. Phenolics extraction from Agave
americana (L.) leaves using high-temperature, high-pressure reactor. Food Bioprod Process. 90:17 – 21.
Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Mantegna S, Cravotto G, Perego P. 2010. Extraction of phenolics from Vitis vinifera wastes
using non-conventional techniques. J Food Eng. 100:50 – 55. Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Perego P. 2011. Recovery of phenolic compounds from grape seeds: effect of extraction time and solid – liquid ratio. Nat Prod Res. 25:1751 – 1761. Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Sannita E, Perego P. 2012. High-pressure high-temperature extraction of phenolic compounds from grape skins. Int J Food Sci Technol. 47:399 – 405. Hoberg E, Meier B, Sticher O. 2000. Quantitative high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of diterpenoids in agni-casti fructus. Planta Med. 66:352 – 355. Khattab R, Goldberg E, Lin L, Thiyam U. 2010. Quantitative analysis and free-radical-scavenging activity of chlorophyll, phytic acid, and condensed tannins in canola. Food Chem. 122:1266 – 1272. Latoui M, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Seffen M, Converti A, Perego P. 2012. Extraction of phenolic compounds from Vitex agnus-castus L. Food Bioprod Process. 90:748 – 754. Li SH, Zhang HJ, Qiu SX, Niu XM, Santarsiero BD, Mesecar AD, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR, Sun HD. 2002. Vitexlactam A, a novel labdane diterpene lactam from the fruits of the Vitex agnus-castus. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:5131 – 5134. Lucks BC, Sorensen J, Veal L. 2002. Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 8:148 – 154. Sarikurkcu C, Arisoy K, Tepe B, Cakir A, Abali G, Mete E. 2009. Studies on the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 47:2479 – 2483.
Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gnpl20
Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction ab
a
b
Mohammed Lataoui , Mongi Seffen , Bahar Aliakbarian , b
b
b
Alessandro Alberto Casazza , Attilio Converti & Patrizia Perego a
Laboratory of Energy and Materials, High School of Sciences and Technology, Sousse University, Rue Lamine Abassi 4011, Hammam, Sousse, Tunisia b
Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Genoa University, via Opera Pia 15, I-16145, Genoa, Italy Published online: 09 Sep 2013.
To cite this article: Mohammed Lataoui, Mongi Seffen, Bahar Aliakbarian, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Attilio Converti & Patrizia Perego (2014) Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, 28:1, 67-69, DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.832678 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.832678
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Natural Product Research, 2014 Vol. 28, No. 1, 67–69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.832678
SHORT COMMUNICATION Optimisation of phenolics recovery from Vitex agnus-castus Linn. leaves by high-pressure and temperature extraction Mohammed Lataouiab, Mongi Seffena, Bahar Aliakbarianb, Alessandro Alberto Casazzab, Attilio Convertib* and Patrizia Peregob
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
a
Laboratory of Energy and Materials, High School of Sciences and Technology, Sousse University, Rue Lamine Abassi 4011, Hammam, Sousse, Tunisia; bDepartment of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Genoa University, via Opera Pia 15, I-16145 Genoa, Italy (Received 5 May 2013; final version received 9 July 2013) To optimise recovery of phenolics from Vitex agnus-castus Linn., a non-conventional high-pressure (2 – 24 bar) and temperature (100 – 1808C) extraction method was used under nitrogen atmosphere with methanol as a solvent. Optimal temperature was between 100 and 1408C, and optimal extraction time was about one half that of conventional solid/liquid extraction at room temperature. Final yields of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, o-diphenols and anthocyanins extraction were 2.0, 3.0, 2.5 and 11-fold those obtained by conventional extraction. Keywords: Vitex agnus-castus; polyphenols; flavonoids; anthocyanins; o-diphenols; HPTE
1. Introduction Vitex, a genus of the Verbenaceae family, includes about 250 species, many of which are used in traditional medicine (Li et al. 2002). Vitex agnus-castus Linn. (VAC) has important healthy properties and is used to treat several diseases (Lucks et al. 2002). VAC synthesises secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, steroids and essential oils) exploitable in herbal medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics and food industries, whose composition and yield vary according to plant part (seeds, roots, flowers, etc.), growth area, soil and weather conditions, cultivation process and harvest period, while their recovery yield is influenced by the extraction method (Sarikurkcu et al. 2009; Latoui et al. 2012). The high-temperature and pressure extraction (HPTE) method was shown to be especially efficient to recover phenols from different biomasses (Aliakbarian et al. 2011; Ben Hamissa et al. 2012). Since there are few works in the literature on polyphenols extraction from VAC (Sarikurkcu et al. 2009; Latoui et al. 2012), an optimisation study by HPTE was performed to increase extraction of phenolic compounds from this material. For this purpose, extractions were carried out selecting the extraction time (30 – 90 min) and temperature (100 – 1808C) as independent variables, and the contents of total polyphenols (TPs), o-diphenols (ODs), total flavonoids (TFs), anthocyanins (ANs) and extract antioxidant activity as responses. 2. Results and discussion It is well known that the extraction time (t) is a key factor influencing the extraction yield, which must be optimised to maximise TPs recovery and minimise costs. After t ¼ 30 min, TP yield (Figure 1(a)) increased by 34% with increasing temperature (T) from 100 to 1408C, while no
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] q 2013 Taylor & Francis
M. Lataoui et al.
Total polyphenol yield (mgCAE/gDB)
(a)
120.0
(c)
e 107.4
100.0 80.0
d 87.3
d 86.2 a,b 65.1
a,b 64.5
a,c 71.1
c a,c 71.5 67.8
b 60.4
60.0 40.0 20.0
Total flavonoid yield (mgCE/gDB)
68
0.0
60.0 50.0 40.0
60
10.0
30
60
(d)
40.0 b,c 30.1
a,b,c b,c 29.0 a 29.8 25.0
25.0
a 24.2
d 17.8
90
Time (min)
ab 27.4
20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
c 30.9
Anthocyanins yield (mgQE/gDB)
o-diphenol yield (mgCAE/gDB)
Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
a a a 42.0 41.9 41.7
20.0
90
e 38.1
45.0
30.0
b 36.4
30.0
Time (min)
35.0
c 44.5
0.0 30
(b)
d 46.9
a a 43.0 41.8 b 37.7
4.0
3.6 f
3.5 3.0
2.7 e
2.5
d 2.1
2.0
1.7
c 1.4
1.5
a
a 1.3
a,b a,b 1.3 1.2
1.0 b
1.0 0.5 0.0
30
60
Time (min)
90
30
60
90
Time (min)
Figure 1. Yields of (a) TPs, (b) ODs, (c) TFs and (d) ANs from VAC leaves as function of time and temperature ( 1008C; 1408C; 1808C) using HPTE with methanol as solvent. Values are expressed as means (n ¼ 3). Error bars indicate ^ SD. Different letters within each panel show significant differences at p , 0.05.
statistically significant difference ( p . 0.05) was observed for ODs (Figure 1(b)). These effects became more marked after 60 min, in that TP and OD yields increased by 51% and 114%, respectively. At 1408C TP and OD yields statistically increased ( p , 0.05) with t, reached maximum values after 60 min and then decreased, likely due to oxidative phenomena (Casazza et al. 2011). A maximum TP yield of 107.4 mgCAE g21 DB was obtained at 1408C after 60 min (Figure 1(a)), which should be referred to as optimal conditions. This value is higher than TP contents of methanolic extracts of not only olive pomace (45.2 mg g21 DB), grape seeds 21 (73.7 mg g21 DB) and grape skins (60.7 mg gDB) by HTPE (Casazza et al. 2010; Aliakbarian et al. 2011; Casazza et al. 2012), but also of ethanolic and methanolic VAC leaves extracts obtained by classical extraction (20.5 and 31.5 mg g21 DB, respectively) (Latoui et al. 2012). Under the same optimal conditions as for TP, OD yield reached a maximum value (38.1 mgCAE g21 DB) (Figure 1(b)) more than twice that obtained at ambient conditions (Latoui et al. 2012). TP content decreased remarkably with further increase in T up to 1808C, while no clear trend could be observed for OD. To avoid any interference by other components such as proteins, additional analyses were performed on TFs and ANs, which are notoriously unaffected by their presence. TFs, accounting for 55 – 69% of total components, were the major phenolics fraction, confirming their abundance in VAC (Hoberg et al. 2000). TF yield varied in the range from 36.4 to 46.9 mgCE g21 DB (Figure 1(c)), and its maximum, obtained under the same optimal conditions as for TP and OD, was about 2.5-fold that obtained by conventional extraction (18.6 mgCE g21 DB) (Latoui et al. 2012). TF yield variations were statistically significant ( p , 0.05) only under optimal conditions. Compared with the other constituents, the AN yield reached a maximum of 3.6 mgME g21 DB at the lowest T and the shortest t (Figure 1(d)), consistently with their known instability. This value is one order of magnitude higher than that obtained by classical extraction (0.30 mgME g21 DB) (Latoui et al. 2012).
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Downloaded by [UAA/APU Consortium Library] at 13:28 16 October 2014
At the highest T (1808C) the antiradical power (ARP) increased considerably ( p , 0.05) with t and reached a maximum value of 91.5 mgDPPH ml21 extract after 90 min, while the opposite took place at 1008C ( p , 0.05) (Table S1). No linear correlation was found between TP, OD, TF and AN contents and ARP (R 2 # 0.2525), likely due to the release of additional non-phenolic compounds with ARP, such as chlorophyll that is known to interfere with the DPPH assay (Khattab et al. 2010). These results taken together show that the maxima of TP yield and antioxidant activity were not coincident. It is likely that the selected extraction method was more effective for some specific classes of polyphenols than others. The maximum recovery yields of TF and OD did in fact coincide with that of TP, which suggests that under the selected conditions, given the low ARP of the extract, phenols with low antioxidant activity were preferentially extracted. 3. Conclusions Polyphenols, ODs, flavonoids and ANs were extracted from VAC leaves at high-pressure and temperature more efficiently than by classical extraction. Different optimal extraction conditions in terms of temperature and extraction time were observed for each class of these compounds. Supplementary material Supplementary material relating to this article is available online, alongside Table S1. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to Erasmus Mundus Program Averroes for M. Lataoui Ph.D. fellowship.
References Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Perego P. 2011. Valorization of olive oil solid waste using high pressure–high temperature reactor. Food Chem. 128:704 – 710. Ben Hamissa M, Seffen M, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Converti A, Perego P. 2012. Phenolics extraction from Agave
americana (L.) leaves using high-temperature, high-pressure reactor. Food Bioprod Process. 90:17 – 21.
Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Mantegna S, Cravotto G, Perego P. 2010. Extraction of phenolics from Vitis vinifera wastes
using non-conventional techniques. J Food Eng. 100:50 – 55. Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Perego P. 2011. Recovery of phenolic compounds from grape seeds: effect of extraction time and solid – liquid ratio. Nat Prod Res. 25:1751 – 1761. Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Sannita E, Perego P. 2012. High-pressure high-temperature extraction of phenolic compounds from grape skins. Int J Food Sci Technol. 47:399 – 405. Hoberg E, Meier B, Sticher O. 2000. Quantitative high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of diterpenoids in agni-casti fructus. Planta Med. 66:352 – 355. Khattab R, Goldberg E, Lin L, Thiyam U. 2010. Quantitative analysis and free-radical-scavenging activity of chlorophyll, phytic acid, and condensed tannins in canola. Food Chem. 122:1266 – 1272. Latoui M, Aliakbarian B, Casazza AA, Seffen M, Converti A, Perego P. 2012. Extraction of phenolic compounds from Vitex agnus-castus L. Food Bioprod Process. 90:748 – 754. Li SH, Zhang HJ, Qiu SX, Niu XM, Santarsiero BD, Mesecar AD, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR, Sun HD. 2002. Vitexlactam A, a novel labdane diterpene lactam from the fruits of the Vitex agnus-castus. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:5131 – 5134. Lucks BC, Sorensen J, Veal L. 2002. Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 8:148 – 154. Sarikurkcu C, Arisoy K, Tepe B, Cakir A, Abali G, Mete E. 2009. Studies on the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 47:2479 – 2483.
