The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery journal homepage: www.jfas.org
Case Reports and Series
Partial Transmalleolar Approach for Lateral Impingement After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Case Report Takumi Matsumoto, MD, PhD 1, Ichiro Nakamura, MD, PhD 2, 3, Ayumi Miura, MD 1, Gen Momoyama, MD 1, Katsumi Ito, MD 4 1
Chief Physician, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan Professor, Faculty of Medical Science for Health, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan Visiting Department Director, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan 4 Assistant Director, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan 2 3
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Advances in implant technology have made total ankle arthroplasty an increasingly popular alternative to arthrodesis for the management of ankle arthritis. However, a frequent complication of the procedure is nerve impingement related to either to heterotrophic bone growth or the prosthesis itself. Successful resolution of this complication presents a challenge to clinicians. We present a case of lateral impingement following total ankle arthroplasty that was successfully treated using a partial transmalleolar approach to effect a partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus and create a fragment attached to the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. This approach provides a good operative field in the lateral gutter with minimal soft tissue impairment. It also facilitates curettage, and resolution of tissue impingement. The osteotomy site healed fully by 3 months postoperative, and the pain around the lateral malleolus resolved. Furthermore, the patient’s score on the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot Ankle/Hindfoot Scale improved from 33 preoperatively to 82 at 6 months postoperative. Ó 2015 by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. All rights reserved.
Keywords: fibula osteotomy impingement revision surgical complications total ankle replacement
Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an alternative to arthrodesis for the management of ankle arthritis. Recently, TAA has become increasingly popular owing to the good clinical outcomes associated with the development of new implant technologies (1). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery, such as bone debridement for exostosis, aseptic loosening, wound dehiscence, implant failure, realignment, and component subsidence, has remained high (2,3). The revision rates after TAA have reportedly ranged from 8% to 41% (2–8). One of the most common reasons for revision procedures has been impingement from heterotopic bone or the prosthesis and has been reported in 6% to 45% of cases (4,7,9,10). Open arthrotomy is usually performed to treat this complication, and recently, management attempts with arthroscopy have been reported (11,12). Arthroscopy has the advantage of being less invasive than arthrotomy; however, a skillful technique is required to prevent fracture or instability of the component by resecting too much bone or damaging the implant itself
Financial Disclosure: None reported. Conflict of Interest: None reported. Address correspondence to: Takumi Matsumoto, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, 438 Miyakami, Yugawara, Ashigara-shimo, Kanagawa 259-0396 Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Matsumoto).
by inadvertent handling (11,12). We experienced a case of lateral impingement after TAA that was treated successfully using the approach of partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus. This procedure is a suitable alternative to arthrotomy for lateral impingement. Case Report The patient was a 74-year-old woman with generalized osteoarthritis. She had undergone total arthroplasty of her left hip at 59 years of age and of her right knee at 72 years of age. At age 73 years, she underwent TAA of her left ankle using a TNK Ankle System (Japan Medical Dynamic Marketing, Inc., Osaka, Japan) composed of ceramic and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (13). Surgery was performed using an anterior approach, as previously described (13). The tibial component was fixed with screw fixation without cement, and the talar component was fixed with cement. The leg was placed in a non-weightbearing short leg cast for 3 weeks, after which the cast was removed, and range of motion exercises were initiated. At 4 weeks, partial weightbearing was started, with full weightbearing permitted at 8 weeks. Complications at the primary incision site caused delayed wound healing until approximately 6 months postoperative. The patient complained of pain around the lateral malleolus once she began to walk during the full weightbearing period.
1067-2516/$ - see front matter Ó 2015 by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2014.11.006
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T. Matsumoto et al. / The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
Fig. 1. Imaging findings. (A) Preoperative and (B) 3-month postoperative anteroposterior radiographs of the weightbearing ankle. (C) Preoperative and (D) 3-month postoperative coronal plane computed tomography scans.
She could walk independently using a T-cane at discharge 10 weeks postoperatively, but she could not walk continuously for >5 to 10 minutes. She also complained of increased pain around the lateral malleolus when resting after ambulation. She also experienced pain on palpation of the lateral gutters of her ankle. A local anesthesia injection relieved the pain during walking. A standing anteroposterior radiographic view of the ankle taken at 6 months postoperatively led us to suspect contact between the talus and the lateral malleolus, and subchondral bone sclerosis gradually became apparent at the suspected contact surfaces (Fig. 1A). Coronal plane computed tomography scans of the ankle in dorsiflexion confirmed bony impingement of the lateral malleolus with the lateral wall and lateral process of the talus (Fig. 1C). Based on these radiographic and clinical results, we diagnosed lateral impingement after TAA. Conservative brace and insole treatments were ineffective, and a decision was made to perform
reoperation about 1 year after the primary procedure. Because of the delayed wound healing of the primary dorsal incision, we thought that a second use of this incision should be avoided. Because the clinical pain and radiographic signs of impingement were localized to the anterior region of the lateral malleolus, we chose an approach by which we could access the site directly. A 5-cm curvilinear incision was made over the fibula and extended from 3 cm proximally to 2 cm distally to the tip of the fibula. After incision of the superior peroneal retinaculum, the peroneal tendons were retracted posteriorly, and the attachment of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) to the fibula was inspected. An osteotomy was designed to cut out a broad V-shaped distal fibular fragment attached to the anterior talofibular ligament and CFL. A 1.5-mm Kirschner wire was inserted to position the apex of the fragment on the midline of the fibula at the level of the ankle joint under fluoroscopic guidance. One osteotomy was made parallel to
T. Matsumoto et al. / The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
235
Fig. 2. Intraoperative findings. Intraoperative photographs after (A) osteotomy and (B) turndown of the fragment.
the ankle joint, extending from the apex to the anterior edge of the fibula, and the other was made from the apex toward the posterior ridge of the CFL attachment (Fig. 2A). To turn down the bone fragment, the most distal part of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) attached to the bone fragment had to be cut. We achieved a wide field of view from the lateral side of the talar component superiorly to the lateral process of the talus inferiorly. Cement that had spilled over the lateral wall and osteophytes arising from the lateral process of the talus appeared to be the major cause of impingement (Fig. 2B). These obstructions and the part of the lateral wall and lateral process of the talus opposing the lateral malleolus were curetted using a high-speed pneumatic drill and chisel. The ankle joint was then passively dorsiflexed; movement of the fragment was palpated and observed to confirm that any impingement was no longer present. The osteotomized bone fragment was reduced with 2 mm of lateral offset to avoid impingement and fixed in place using 2 headless compression screws. Postoperatively, the patient was fitted with a below-the-knee splint for 2 weeks and then allowed full weightbearing with a removable brace, and range of motion exercises were initiated. Pain around the lateral malleolus during walking had disappeared after the procedure. An anteroposterior radiograph of the weightbearing ankle showed no contact between the talus and lateral malleolus (Fig. 1B). Bony union at the osteotomy site of the distal fibula was confirmed by computed tomography 3 months after surgery (Fig. 1D). The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot ankle/hindfoot scale score improved from 33 preoperatively to 82 at 6 months postoperatively (14,15). Discussion TAA has been increasing in popularity as an alternative to arthrodesis for management of ankle arthritis (1,16). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery has remained high, and one of the primary culprits is osseous or soft tissue impingement (4,7,9,10). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery has remained high. Revision procedures typically use arthrotomy (17), although the use of arthroscopy has been reported (11,12). Arthroscopy has the advantage of being less invasive, but space limitations increase the risk of further complications (11,12). We performed an arthrotomy using a partial transmalleolar approach for a lateral impingement; the protocol was designed to cut out and turn over a broad V-shaped distal fibula fragment attached to the anterior talofibular ligament and CFL. The advantages of this approach to treating lateral impingement are several:
1. There is no need to reuse the primary anterior TAA incision. 2. Disruption of surrounding soft tissues, including the lateral collateral ligaments, is minimized (18). 3. It provides a wide field of view that enables confirmation of unimpeded joint motion after resection of bone fragments. 4. It preserves the option of fixing the bone fragment in position with a lateral offset. One of the concerns after osteotomy is nonunion. We confirmed bony union at the osteotomy site at the 3-month follow-up visit after surgery. The V-shaped contact area, preservation of the ligaments and soft tissues, and minimal detachment of the periosteum at the osteotomy site provide favorable conditions for bony union. Bony union might also be encouraged because the anterior part of the distal lateral malleolus is well vascularized by the transverse segment of the anterior lateral malleolar artery, which is preserved using our approach. This part of the distal lateral malleolus could also be used as a vascularized pedicle bone graft (19). We needed to cut the most distal part of the AITFL covering the tibiofibular corner of the joint to turn down the bone fragment. Among the 3 bands of AITFL, the most distal band is the thinnest (20). The medial band, which is the strongest, was preserved in our procedure. Therefore, we considered that partial cutting of the AITFL in our procedure had little influence on the stability of the tibiofibular joint. In conclusion, we have presented a case of lateral impingement after TAA that was treated successfully using an approach of partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus. This procedure could be a good option for treating lateral impingement after TAA. References 1. Gougoulias N, Khanna A, Maffulli N. How successful are current ankle replacements? A systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468:199–208, 2010. 2. Saltzman CL, Kadoko RG, Suh JS. Treatment of isolated ankle osteoarthritis with arthrodesis or the total ankle replacement: a comparison of early outcomes. Clin Orthop Surg 2:1–7, 2010. 3. Mann JA, Mann RA, Horton E. STAR ankle: long-term results. Foot Ankle Int 32:S473–S484, 2011. 4. Spirt AA, Assal M, Hansen ST Jr. Complications and failure after total ankle arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:1172–1178, 2004. 5. Wood PL, Prem H, Sutton C. Total ankle replacement: medium-term results in 200 Scandinavian total ankle replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90:605–609, 2008. 6. Besse JL, Colombier JA, Asencio J, Bonnin M, Gaudot F, Jarde O, Judet T, Maestro M, Lemrijse T, Leonardi C, Toullec E. Total ankle arthroplasty in France. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 96:291–303, 2010.
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T. Matsumoto et al. / The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
7. Rippstein PF, Huber M, Coetzee JC, Naal FD. Total ankle replacement with use of a new three-component implant. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:1426–1435, 2011. 8. Roukis TS. Incidence of revision after primary implantation of the Agility total ankle replacement system: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg 51:198–204, 2012. 9. Kopp FJ, Patel MM, Deland JT, O’Malley MJ. Total ankle arthroplasty with the Agility prosthesis: clinical and radiographic evaluation. Foot Ankle Int 27:97–103, 2006. 10. Kurup HV, Taylor GR. Medial impingement after ankle replacement. Int Orthop 32:243–246, 2008. 11. Shirzad K, Viens NA, DeOrio JK. Arthroscopic treatment of impingement after total ankle arthroplasty: technique tip. Foot Ankle Int 32:727–729, 2011. 12. Richardson AB, Deorio JK, Parekh SG. Arthroscopic debridement: effective treatment for impingement after total ankle arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 5:171–175, 2012. 13. Takakura Y, Tanaka Y, Sugimoto K, Tamai S, Masuhara K. Ankle arthroplasty: a comparative study of cemented metal and uncemented ceramic prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res:209–216, 1990.
14. Niki H, Aoki H, Inokuchi S, Ozeki S, Kinoshita M, Kura H, Tanaka Y, Noguchi M, Nomura S, Hatori M, Tatsunami S. Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders I: development of standard rating system. J Orthop Sci 10:457–465, 2005. 15. Niki H, Aoki H, Inokuchi S, Ozeki S, Kinoshita M, Kura H, Tanaka Y, Noguchi M, Nomura S, Hatori M, Tatsunami S. Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders II: interclinician and intraclinician reliability and validity of the newly established standard rating scales and Japanese Orthopaedic Association rating scale. J Orthop Sci 10:466–474, 2005. 16. Roukis TS, Prissel MA. Registry data trends of total ankle replacement use. J Foot Ankle Surg 52:728–735, 2013. 17. Lee KB, Cho YJ, Park JK, Song EK, Yoon TR, Seon JK. Heterotopic ossification after primary total ankle arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:751–758, 2011. 18. Glasgow M, Jackson A, Jamieson AM. Instability of the ankle after injury to the lateral ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 62:196–200, 1980. 19. Gilbert BJ, Horst F, Nunley JA. Potential donor rotational bone grafts using vascular territories in the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A:1857–1873, 2004. 20. Bartonicek J. Anatomy of the tibiofibular syndesmosis and its clinical relevance. Surg Radiol Anat 25:379–386, 2003.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery journal homepage: www.jfas.org
Case Reports and Series
Partial Transmalleolar Approach for Lateral Impingement After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Case Report Takumi Matsumoto, MD, PhD 1, Ichiro Nakamura, MD, PhD 2, 3, Ayumi Miura, MD 1, Gen Momoyama, MD 1, Katsumi Ito, MD 4 1
Chief Physician, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan Professor, Faculty of Medical Science for Health, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan Visiting Department Director, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan 4 Assistant Director, Yugawara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan 2 3
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Advances in implant technology have made total ankle arthroplasty an increasingly popular alternative to arthrodesis for the management of ankle arthritis. However, a frequent complication of the procedure is nerve impingement related to either to heterotrophic bone growth or the prosthesis itself. Successful resolution of this complication presents a challenge to clinicians. We present a case of lateral impingement following total ankle arthroplasty that was successfully treated using a partial transmalleolar approach to effect a partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus and create a fragment attached to the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. This approach provides a good operative field in the lateral gutter with minimal soft tissue impairment. It also facilitates curettage, and resolution of tissue impingement. The osteotomy site healed fully by 3 months postoperative, and the pain around the lateral malleolus resolved. Furthermore, the patient’s score on the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot Ankle/Hindfoot Scale improved from 33 preoperatively to 82 at 6 months postoperative. Ó 2015 by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. All rights reserved.
Keywords: fibula osteotomy impingement revision surgical complications total ankle replacement
Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an alternative to arthrodesis for the management of ankle arthritis. Recently, TAA has become increasingly popular owing to the good clinical outcomes associated with the development of new implant technologies (1). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery, such as bone debridement for exostosis, aseptic loosening, wound dehiscence, implant failure, realignment, and component subsidence, has remained high (2,3). The revision rates after TAA have reportedly ranged from 8% to 41% (2–8). One of the most common reasons for revision procedures has been impingement from heterotopic bone or the prosthesis and has been reported in 6% to 45% of cases (4,7,9,10). Open arthrotomy is usually performed to treat this complication, and recently, management attempts with arthroscopy have been reported (11,12). Arthroscopy has the advantage of being less invasive than arthrotomy; however, a skillful technique is required to prevent fracture or instability of the component by resecting too much bone or damaging the implant itself
Financial Disclosure: None reported. Conflict of Interest: None reported. Address correspondence to: Takumi Matsumoto, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Yugawara Hospital, 438 Miyakami, Yugawara, Ashigara-shimo, Kanagawa 259-0396 Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Matsumoto).
by inadvertent handling (11,12). We experienced a case of lateral impingement after TAA that was treated successfully using the approach of partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus. This procedure is a suitable alternative to arthrotomy for lateral impingement. Case Report The patient was a 74-year-old woman with generalized osteoarthritis. She had undergone total arthroplasty of her left hip at 59 years of age and of her right knee at 72 years of age. At age 73 years, she underwent TAA of her left ankle using a TNK Ankle System (Japan Medical Dynamic Marketing, Inc., Osaka, Japan) composed of ceramic and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (13). Surgery was performed using an anterior approach, as previously described (13). The tibial component was fixed with screw fixation without cement, and the talar component was fixed with cement. The leg was placed in a non-weightbearing short leg cast for 3 weeks, after which the cast was removed, and range of motion exercises were initiated. At 4 weeks, partial weightbearing was started, with full weightbearing permitted at 8 weeks. Complications at the primary incision site caused delayed wound healing until approximately 6 months postoperative. The patient complained of pain around the lateral malleolus once she began to walk during the full weightbearing period.
1067-2516/$ - see front matter Ó 2015 by the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2014.11.006
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Fig. 1. Imaging findings. (A) Preoperative and (B) 3-month postoperative anteroposterior radiographs of the weightbearing ankle. (C) Preoperative and (D) 3-month postoperative coronal plane computed tomography scans.
She could walk independently using a T-cane at discharge 10 weeks postoperatively, but she could not walk continuously for >5 to 10 minutes. She also complained of increased pain around the lateral malleolus when resting after ambulation. She also experienced pain on palpation of the lateral gutters of her ankle. A local anesthesia injection relieved the pain during walking. A standing anteroposterior radiographic view of the ankle taken at 6 months postoperatively led us to suspect contact between the talus and the lateral malleolus, and subchondral bone sclerosis gradually became apparent at the suspected contact surfaces (Fig. 1A). Coronal plane computed tomography scans of the ankle in dorsiflexion confirmed bony impingement of the lateral malleolus with the lateral wall and lateral process of the talus (Fig. 1C). Based on these radiographic and clinical results, we diagnosed lateral impingement after TAA. Conservative brace and insole treatments were ineffective, and a decision was made to perform
reoperation about 1 year after the primary procedure. Because of the delayed wound healing of the primary dorsal incision, we thought that a second use of this incision should be avoided. Because the clinical pain and radiographic signs of impingement were localized to the anterior region of the lateral malleolus, we chose an approach by which we could access the site directly. A 5-cm curvilinear incision was made over the fibula and extended from 3 cm proximally to 2 cm distally to the tip of the fibula. After incision of the superior peroneal retinaculum, the peroneal tendons were retracted posteriorly, and the attachment of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) to the fibula was inspected. An osteotomy was designed to cut out a broad V-shaped distal fibular fragment attached to the anterior talofibular ligament and CFL. A 1.5-mm Kirschner wire was inserted to position the apex of the fragment on the midline of the fibula at the level of the ankle joint under fluoroscopic guidance. One osteotomy was made parallel to
T. Matsumoto et al. / The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
235
Fig. 2. Intraoperative findings. Intraoperative photographs after (A) osteotomy and (B) turndown of the fragment.
the ankle joint, extending from the apex to the anterior edge of the fibula, and the other was made from the apex toward the posterior ridge of the CFL attachment (Fig. 2A). To turn down the bone fragment, the most distal part of the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) attached to the bone fragment had to be cut. We achieved a wide field of view from the lateral side of the talar component superiorly to the lateral process of the talus inferiorly. Cement that had spilled over the lateral wall and osteophytes arising from the lateral process of the talus appeared to be the major cause of impingement (Fig. 2B). These obstructions and the part of the lateral wall and lateral process of the talus opposing the lateral malleolus were curetted using a high-speed pneumatic drill and chisel. The ankle joint was then passively dorsiflexed; movement of the fragment was palpated and observed to confirm that any impingement was no longer present. The osteotomized bone fragment was reduced with 2 mm of lateral offset to avoid impingement and fixed in place using 2 headless compression screws. Postoperatively, the patient was fitted with a below-the-knee splint for 2 weeks and then allowed full weightbearing with a removable brace, and range of motion exercises were initiated. Pain around the lateral malleolus during walking had disappeared after the procedure. An anteroposterior radiograph of the weightbearing ankle showed no contact between the talus and lateral malleolus (Fig. 1B). Bony union at the osteotomy site of the distal fibula was confirmed by computed tomography 3 months after surgery (Fig. 1D). The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot ankle/hindfoot scale score improved from 33 preoperatively to 82 at 6 months postoperatively (14,15). Discussion TAA has been increasing in popularity as an alternative to arthrodesis for management of ankle arthritis (1,16). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery has remained high, and one of the primary culprits is osseous or soft tissue impingement (4,7,9,10). However, the incidence of complications that require surgery has remained high. Revision procedures typically use arthrotomy (17), although the use of arthroscopy has been reported (11,12). Arthroscopy has the advantage of being less invasive, but space limitations increase the risk of further complications (11,12). We performed an arthrotomy using a partial transmalleolar approach for a lateral impingement; the protocol was designed to cut out and turn over a broad V-shaped distal fibula fragment attached to the anterior talofibular ligament and CFL. The advantages of this approach to treating lateral impingement are several:
1. There is no need to reuse the primary anterior TAA incision. 2. Disruption of surrounding soft tissues, including the lateral collateral ligaments, is minimized (18). 3. It provides a wide field of view that enables confirmation of unimpeded joint motion after resection of bone fragments. 4. It preserves the option of fixing the bone fragment in position with a lateral offset. One of the concerns after osteotomy is nonunion. We confirmed bony union at the osteotomy site at the 3-month follow-up visit after surgery. The V-shaped contact area, preservation of the ligaments and soft tissues, and minimal detachment of the periosteum at the osteotomy site provide favorable conditions for bony union. Bony union might also be encouraged because the anterior part of the distal lateral malleolus is well vascularized by the transverse segment of the anterior lateral malleolar artery, which is preserved using our approach. This part of the distal lateral malleolus could also be used as a vascularized pedicle bone graft (19). We needed to cut the most distal part of the AITFL covering the tibiofibular corner of the joint to turn down the bone fragment. Among the 3 bands of AITFL, the most distal band is the thinnest (20). The medial band, which is the strongest, was preserved in our procedure. Therefore, we considered that partial cutting of the AITFL in our procedure had little influence on the stability of the tibiofibular joint. In conclusion, we have presented a case of lateral impingement after TAA that was treated successfully using an approach of partial osteotomy of the lateral malleolus. This procedure could be a good option for treating lateral impingement after TAA. References 1. Gougoulias N, Khanna A, Maffulli N. How successful are current ankle replacements? A systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468:199–208, 2010. 2. Saltzman CL, Kadoko RG, Suh JS. Treatment of isolated ankle osteoarthritis with arthrodesis or the total ankle replacement: a comparison of early outcomes. Clin Orthop Surg 2:1–7, 2010. 3. Mann JA, Mann RA, Horton E. STAR ankle: long-term results. Foot Ankle Int 32:S473–S484, 2011. 4. Spirt AA, Assal M, Hansen ST Jr. Complications and failure after total ankle arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:1172–1178, 2004. 5. Wood PL, Prem H, Sutton C. Total ankle replacement: medium-term results in 200 Scandinavian total ankle replacements. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90:605–609, 2008. 6. Besse JL, Colombier JA, Asencio J, Bonnin M, Gaudot F, Jarde O, Judet T, Maestro M, Lemrijse T, Leonardi C, Toullec E. Total ankle arthroplasty in France. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 96:291–303, 2010.
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T. Matsumoto et al. / The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 54 (2015) 233–236
7. Rippstein PF, Huber M, Coetzee JC, Naal FD. Total ankle replacement with use of a new three-component implant. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:1426–1435, 2011. 8. Roukis TS. Incidence of revision after primary implantation of the Agility total ankle replacement system: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg 51:198–204, 2012. 9. Kopp FJ, Patel MM, Deland JT, O’Malley MJ. Total ankle arthroplasty with the Agility prosthesis: clinical and radiographic evaluation. Foot Ankle Int 27:97–103, 2006. 10. Kurup HV, Taylor GR. Medial impingement after ankle replacement. Int Orthop 32:243–246, 2008. 11. Shirzad K, Viens NA, DeOrio JK. Arthroscopic treatment of impingement after total ankle arthroplasty: technique tip. Foot Ankle Int 32:727–729, 2011. 12. Richardson AB, Deorio JK, Parekh SG. Arthroscopic debridement: effective treatment for impingement after total ankle arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 5:171–175, 2012. 13. Takakura Y, Tanaka Y, Sugimoto K, Tamai S, Masuhara K. Ankle arthroplasty: a comparative study of cemented metal and uncemented ceramic prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res:209–216, 1990.
14. Niki H, Aoki H, Inokuchi S, Ozeki S, Kinoshita M, Kura H, Tanaka Y, Noguchi M, Nomura S, Hatori M, Tatsunami S. Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders I: development of standard rating system. J Orthop Sci 10:457–465, 2005. 15. Niki H, Aoki H, Inokuchi S, Ozeki S, Kinoshita M, Kura H, Tanaka Y, Noguchi M, Nomura S, Hatori M, Tatsunami S. Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders II: interclinician and intraclinician reliability and validity of the newly established standard rating scales and Japanese Orthopaedic Association rating scale. J Orthop Sci 10:466–474, 2005. 16. Roukis TS, Prissel MA. Registry data trends of total ankle replacement use. J Foot Ankle Surg 52:728–735, 2013. 17. Lee KB, Cho YJ, Park JK, Song EK, Yoon TR, Seon JK. Heterotopic ossification after primary total ankle arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:751–758, 2011. 18. Glasgow M, Jackson A, Jamieson AM. Instability of the ankle after injury to the lateral ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 62:196–200, 1980. 19. Gilbert BJ, Horst F, Nunley JA. Potential donor rotational bone grafts using vascular territories in the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A:1857–1873, 2004. 20. Bartonicek J. Anatomy of the tibiofibular syndesmosis and its clinical relevance. Surg Radiol Anat 25:379–386, 2003.
