This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 29 October 2014, At: 11:42 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin following pentobarbital anaesthesia and carotid cannulation in domestic fowl W. G. Bottje T. I. Koike
a c
, S. Wang
a c
b
b
, S. Kinzler , H. L. Neldon &
b
a
Department of Animal Sciences , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, U.S.A. b
Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Science , Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, U.S.A. c
Department of Poultry Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A. Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: W. G. Bottje , S. Wang , S. Kinzler , H. L. Neldon & T. I. Koike (1990) Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin following pentobarbital anaesthesia and carotid cannulation in domestic fowl, British Poultry Science, 31:1, 189-195, DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417245 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417245
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 189-195
PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF ARGININE VASOTOCIN AND MESOTOCIN FOLLOWING PENTOBARBITAL ANAESTHESIA AND CAROTID CANNULATION IN DOMESTIC FOWL
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
W. G. BOTTJE, 1 S. WANG,1 S. KINZLER,2 H. L. NELDON 2 AND T. I. KOIKE 2 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 and2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, U.S.A. Received for publication 22nd September 1988
Abstract 1. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT), arterial pH and pCO 2 , body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, packed cell volume and plasma osmolality were monitored in birds for 28 h following anaesthesia and carotid cannulation. 2. Plasma MT concentration decreased after 6 h of surgical recovery but there were no differences between 6 and 28 h of recovery. 3. In contrast, plasma AVT concentration was raised only after 27 h, but no differences were observed between 3 and 28 h of recovery. 4. Anaesthesia and/or carotid cannulation apparently suppressed AVT and enhanced MT release, but no significant change in either hormone was observed after 6 h of surgical recovery under the conditions specified in this study.
INTRODUCTION
Acher et al. (1970) chemically identified arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT) as avian neurohypophyseal hormones. While AVT has been demonstrated to be an oxytocic (Sawyer, 1977; Koike et al., 1988) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in birds (Ames et al., 1971; Braun and Dantzler, 1974; Stallone and Braun, 1985; 1986b), an exact physiological role has not been established for MT because only recently have methods been developed to measure circulating hormone concentrations (Nouwen and Kuhn, 1983; Koike et al., 1986). There are, however, indications that MT may be a diuretic hormone in birds (Koike et al., 1986; Bottje et al., 1989), similar to that 1
Present address: Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A. 189
190
W. G. BOTTJE ET AL.
reported in amphibians and reptiles (Pang and Sawyer, 1978; Stiffler, 1981; Stiffler et al., 1984). In mammals, anaesthesia and/or surgical stress increase plasma ADH (Walker et al., 1983; Fejes-Toth et al., 1985), depending on the type of anesthetic used (Forsling et al., 1980). Hitherto, changes in AVT and MT during surgical recovery following deep anesthesia have not been reported for birds. The major objective of this study was to monitor changes in plasma AVT and MT concentrations during surgical recovery following arterial cannulation using pentobarbital anaesthesia.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifteen commercial broiler males (11 to 14 weeks, 3-8 ±0-2 kg body weight) used in this study were housed in cages (300x450x400 mm) for at least 4 weeks before the experiment. The birds were provided with water and food ad libitum and maintained in a thermoneutral environment (22 to 25°C and 50 to 60% relative humidity). All birds were anaesthetised with intravenous sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and kept in a supine position on a heating pad to maintain body temperature (Tb). A cannula filled with a heparin-saline solution (500 units heparin/ml sterile saline, 85 g NaCl/1) was implanted into the left carotid artery. After applying an antibacterial aerosol (Furacin, Smith Kline Beckman Corp., West Chest, Pennsylvania) the incision was closed. A rectal temperature probe (Yellow Spring Instruments, Yellow Spring, Ohio) was inserted 50 to 60 mm into the cloaca to monitor Tb and a chest movement transducer (Model T4031, Gilson Medical Electronics, Inc., Middleton, Wisconsin) was placed on the bird. The bird was placed on a cage (300 X 450 X 400 mm) within a chamber (118L Conviron, Controlled Enviroments Inc., Pembina, ND) maintained at 25CC with 50% relative humidity. The cannula and transducer cables were extended outside the chamber so that measurements could be made without disturbing the bird. The time from injection of the anaesthetic to the bird being placed in the chamber was approximately 1 h. Throughout the experiment, food and water were provided ad libitum. Two experimental groups of birds were used in this study. Arterial blood samples were drawn through the carotid cannula from birds in group 1 (n = 6), immediately after they were placed in the chamber (time 0) and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 27 and 28 h of surgical recovery. After each blood sample (4-5 ml), an equal amount of sterile saline was infused into the bird to replace the volume removed. To account for effects that this repeated blood sampling might have on AVT and MT, a second group of cannulated birds (group 2, n = 9) were sampled only once after 27 h of surgical recovery. A portion of the blood sample (0-5 ml) was injected immediately into a blood gas analyser (Model 158 pH Blood Gas Analyzer, Ciba-Corning, Medfield, MA) to determine blood gases and pH, which were corrected for Tb. A measurement of packed cell volume (PCV) was also obtained and plasma from the remaining sample was immediately frozen and stored at — 20°C for analysis of AVT, MT and osmolality. Plasma AVT and MT concentrations were measured by RIA
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
VASOTOCIN AND MESOTOCIN AFTER SURGERY
191
methods described by Koike et al. (1977, 1986). Osmolality was determined using a vapour pressure osmometer (Wescor 5500 Vapor Pressure Osmometer, Logan, UTAH). Freezing and thawing apparently does not affect osmolality, because there was less than 1% difference in osmolality between fresh samples and samples which had been stored for 12 d at — 20°C (unpublished observations). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR) and body temperature (Tb) were monitored at the times designated above on a polygraph strip chart recorder (Model 5/6H, Gilson Medical Electronics). Pulsatile blood pressure was electronically damped in order to obtain mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). Analysis of variance of mean values for unbalanced data was accomplished with a general linear model procedure (Statistical Analysis Systems, 1985). All reported values represent the mean ± standard error. Mean values of each variable were compared by multiple range test and differences were considered significant if P
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin following pentobarbital anaesthesia and carotid cannulation in domestic fowl W. G. Bottje T. I. Koike
a c
, S. Wang
a c
b
b
, S. Kinzler , H. L. Neldon &
b
a
Department of Animal Sciences , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, U.S.A. b
Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Science , Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, U.S.A. c
Department of Poultry Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, 27695, U.S.A. Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: W. G. Bottje , S. Wang , S. Kinzler , H. L. Neldon & T. I. Koike (1990) Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin following pentobarbital anaesthesia and carotid cannulation in domestic fowl, British Poultry Science, 31:1, 189-195, DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417245 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417245
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 189-195
PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF ARGININE VASOTOCIN AND MESOTOCIN FOLLOWING PENTOBARBITAL ANAESTHESIA AND CAROTID CANNULATION IN DOMESTIC FOWL
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
W. G. BOTTJE, 1 S. WANG,1 S. KINZLER,2 H. L. NELDON 2 AND T. I. KOIKE 2 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 and2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, U.S.A. Received for publication 22nd September 1988
Abstract 1. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT), arterial pH and pCO 2 , body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, packed cell volume and plasma osmolality were monitored in birds for 28 h following anaesthesia and carotid cannulation. 2. Plasma MT concentration decreased after 6 h of surgical recovery but there were no differences between 6 and 28 h of recovery. 3. In contrast, plasma AVT concentration was raised only after 27 h, but no differences were observed between 3 and 28 h of recovery. 4. Anaesthesia and/or carotid cannulation apparently suppressed AVT and enhanced MT release, but no significant change in either hormone was observed after 6 h of surgical recovery under the conditions specified in this study.
INTRODUCTION
Acher et al. (1970) chemically identified arginine vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin (MT) as avian neurohypophyseal hormones. While AVT has been demonstrated to be an oxytocic (Sawyer, 1977; Koike et al., 1988) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in birds (Ames et al., 1971; Braun and Dantzler, 1974; Stallone and Braun, 1985; 1986b), an exact physiological role has not been established for MT because only recently have methods been developed to measure circulating hormone concentrations (Nouwen and Kuhn, 1983; Koike et al., 1986). There are, however, indications that MT may be a diuretic hormone in birds (Koike et al., 1986; Bottje et al., 1989), similar to that 1
Present address: Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A. 189
190
W. G. BOTTJE ET AL.
reported in amphibians and reptiles (Pang and Sawyer, 1978; Stiffler, 1981; Stiffler et al., 1984). In mammals, anaesthesia and/or surgical stress increase plasma ADH (Walker et al., 1983; Fejes-Toth et al., 1985), depending on the type of anesthetic used (Forsling et al., 1980). Hitherto, changes in AVT and MT during surgical recovery following deep anesthesia have not been reported for birds. The major objective of this study was to monitor changes in plasma AVT and MT concentrations during surgical recovery following arterial cannulation using pentobarbital anaesthesia.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifteen commercial broiler males (11 to 14 weeks, 3-8 ±0-2 kg body weight) used in this study were housed in cages (300x450x400 mm) for at least 4 weeks before the experiment. The birds were provided with water and food ad libitum and maintained in a thermoneutral environment (22 to 25°C and 50 to 60% relative humidity). All birds were anaesthetised with intravenous sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and kept in a supine position on a heating pad to maintain body temperature (Tb). A cannula filled with a heparin-saline solution (500 units heparin/ml sterile saline, 85 g NaCl/1) was implanted into the left carotid artery. After applying an antibacterial aerosol (Furacin, Smith Kline Beckman Corp., West Chest, Pennsylvania) the incision was closed. A rectal temperature probe (Yellow Spring Instruments, Yellow Spring, Ohio) was inserted 50 to 60 mm into the cloaca to monitor Tb and a chest movement transducer (Model T4031, Gilson Medical Electronics, Inc., Middleton, Wisconsin) was placed on the bird. The bird was placed on a cage (300 X 450 X 400 mm) within a chamber (118L Conviron, Controlled Enviroments Inc., Pembina, ND) maintained at 25CC with 50% relative humidity. The cannula and transducer cables were extended outside the chamber so that measurements could be made without disturbing the bird. The time from injection of the anaesthetic to the bird being placed in the chamber was approximately 1 h. Throughout the experiment, food and water were provided ad libitum. Two experimental groups of birds were used in this study. Arterial blood samples were drawn through the carotid cannula from birds in group 1 (n = 6), immediately after they were placed in the chamber (time 0) and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 27 and 28 h of surgical recovery. After each blood sample (4-5 ml), an equal amount of sterile saline was infused into the bird to replace the volume removed. To account for effects that this repeated blood sampling might have on AVT and MT, a second group of cannulated birds (group 2, n = 9) were sampled only once after 27 h of surgical recovery. A portion of the blood sample (0-5 ml) was injected immediately into a blood gas analyser (Model 158 pH Blood Gas Analyzer, Ciba-Corning, Medfield, MA) to determine blood gases and pH, which were corrected for Tb. A measurement of packed cell volume (PCV) was also obtained and plasma from the remaining sample was immediately frozen and stored at — 20°C for analysis of AVT, MT and osmolality. Plasma AVT and MT concentrations were measured by RIA
Downloaded by [New York University] at 11:42 29 October 2014
VASOTOCIN AND MESOTOCIN AFTER SURGERY
191
methods described by Koike et al. (1977, 1986). Osmolality was determined using a vapour pressure osmometer (Wescor 5500 Vapor Pressure Osmometer, Logan, UTAH). Freezing and thawing apparently does not affect osmolality, because there was less than 1% difference in osmolality between fresh samples and samples which had been stored for 12 d at — 20°C (unpublished observations). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR) and body temperature (Tb) were monitored at the times designated above on a polygraph strip chart recorder (Model 5/6H, Gilson Medical Electronics). Pulsatile blood pressure was electronically damped in order to obtain mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). Analysis of variance of mean values for unbalanced data was accomplished with a general linear model procedure (Statistical Analysis Systems, 1985). All reported values represent the mean ± standard error. Mean values of each variable were compared by multiple range test and differences were considered significant if P
