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British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Potential of chemical regulation of food intake and body weight of broiler breeder chicks E. O. Oyawoye
a b
& W. F. Krueger
a
a
Department of Poultry Science , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX 77843, USA b
Department of Animal Production , Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University , Bauchi, Bauchi State, P.M.B. 0248, Nigeria Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: E. O. Oyawoye & W. F. Krueger (1990) Potential of chemical regulation of food intake and body weight of broiler breeder chicks, British Poultry Science, 31:4, 735-742, DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417304 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417304
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
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British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 735-742
POTENTIAL OF CHEMICAL REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT OF BROILER BREEDER CHICKS
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
E. O. OYAWOYE1,2 AND W. F. KRUEGER Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Received for publication 17th July 1989
Abstract 1. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the potential of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and monensin sodium as appetite- and weight-control agents for Indian River broiler breeder chicks. 2. In experiment 1, a total of 300 day-old sexed broiler breeder chicks were individually weighed and placed in battery cages. They were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments, namely 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride added to a maize-soyabean meal basal diet. 3. In experiment 2, a total of 400 day-old sexed broiler breeder chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatments which were a combination of two concentrations of dietary crude protein (200 and 150 g/kg) and 5 different concentrations of added drugs in the diet, namely 0, 500 and 800 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and 200 and 300 mg/kg of monensin sodium. 4. Food consumption and body weight gain were significantly reduced by feeding diets containing the drugs but mortality was not significantly affected. Birds showed evidence of increased tolerance, with age, to phenylpropanolamine but not to monensin. 5. Monensin sodium, at high inclusion rates, was found to be a more potent and effective appetite- and growth-depressing agent for broiler breeder chicks than phenylpropanolamine and may have application in broiler breeder production using an ad libitum feeding programme.
INTRODUCTION
The traditional method of raising broiler breeders from day-old to sexual maturity involves severe diet restriction (Singsen et al., 1958; Harms et al., 1 Present address: Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 735
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
736
E. O. OYAWOYE AND W. F. KRUEGER
1968; Voitle et al, 1970; Fuller et al, 1973). Several feeding systems have been developed based on food, energy or protein restriction or any combination of these (Waldroup et al, 1966; Voitle et al, 1974; Powell and Gehle, 1976). Many of these are complicated, are a psychological barrier to growers who prefer to overfeed animals and are of questionable acceptability on the grounds of animal welfare. There is a need for an alternative method to raising broiler breeder birds of acceptable quality, that are cost competitive and that overcome some of the barriers which apply to present feeding systems. Any drug or chemical that can control appetite and body weight may find application in broiler breeder nutrition and management and may allow the birds to be fed ad libitum during the growing period. Anorectic or appetitesuppressing drugs reduce the subjective awareness to hunger; phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine are examples, which are classified as centrally-acting anorective drugs (Silverstone and Kyriakides, 1982). The use of these drugs to control growth and food intake in man and animals began with the observations that weight reduction occurred as a side effect in patients receiving drug therapy (Davidoff and Reifenstein, 1937; Nathanson 1937; Ulrich, 1937). Phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine have been used to control eating behaviour and body weight of rats (Tainter, 1944), dogs (Harris et al, 1947) and humans (Griboff et al, 1975; Hoebel et al, 1975). These drugs, however, have not been used to control food intake in domestic birds. Monensin sodium, a carboxylic ionophore, is widely used by the poultry industry as a coccidiostat. Monensin supplementation at higher than the recommended range of 100-121 mg/kg of diet depresses food consumption of chickens (Ryley and Wilson, 1975; Howell et al., 1980; Hanrahan et al, 1981; Parsons and Baker, 1982; Cervantes and Jensen, 1984; Welch et al, 1984). These observations suggest that, at high inclusion rates, monensin may be functioning as an appetitesuppressing agent for chickens. The present study was undertaken to provide information on the deliberate use of phenylpropanolamine and monensin as appetite-suppressing and weight-control agents for broiler breeder birds. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In experiment 1, a total of 300 day-old sexed Indian River broiler breeder chicks were individually weighed and assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments with three replications. There were 20 chicks per replication and 60 chicks per treatment. Chicks were placed in brooder cages that were electrically heated and maintained in a windowless room with controlled ventilation and constant lighting. The dietary treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride added to a maize-soyabean meal basal diet. The basal diet was formulated to contain 11-97 MJ ME/kg and 200 g/kg crude protein (Table 1). Food and water were supplied ad libitum and water troughs were cleaned every day throughout the experimental period. Individual body weights of the chicks were recorded at the beginning of the experiment and the chicks were individually weighted at weekly intervals until they were 4 weeks of age. Mortality was recorded as it occurred and food
CHEMICAL REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE
737
TABLE 1
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
Composition of the basal diets for experiment 1 & 2 (g/kg)
Ingredients Ground yellow maize Soyabean meal (440g protein/kg) Alfalfa meal (170g protein/kg) Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate DL-methionine Sodium chloride Vitamin premix1 Zinc oxide Manganese sulphate Total
200 g/kg crude protein 614-1 304-0 49-4 16-7 9-5 1-3 2-0 2-5
0-25 0-25 1000
150 g/kg crude protein 681-0 145-7 141-5 20-2 5-6 10 2-0 2-5
0-25 0-25 1000
Calculated analysis (as fed basis) Crude protein 200 150 Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 11-97 11-97 9-0 9-0 Calcium 7-0 7-0 Total phosphorus 4-5 3-5 Methionine 7-3 Lvsine 11-0 'Vitamin premix supplied the following quantities, (mg per kg of diet): retinol 2-64; cholecalciferol 5-5; a-tocopheral 30; menadione sodium bisulphite complex 2-2; riboflavin 4-4; pantothenic acid 12-2; choline chloride 500: niacin 22; cobalamin 0-01; biotin 0-06; thiamine 1-1.
consumption was recorded for each replication-treatment group on a weekly basis. Food efficiency values (g food/g body weight gain) were determined during each weighing period. In experiment 2, the dose of phenylpropanolamine in the diet was increased and another drug, monensin sodium, was evaluated. A total of 400 day-old sexed Indian River broiler breeder chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatment which were a combination of two different concentrations of dietary crude protein (200 g/kg or 150 g/kg) and 5 concentrations of added drugs. The inclusion rates investigated were 0, 500 and 800 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and 200 and 300 mg/kg of monensin sodium supplied by 'Coban' (Elanco Products Co., Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana). There were two replications per treatment with 20 chicks per replication. Two maize-soyabean meal basal diets were formulated to be isoenergetic containing either 200 g or 150 g crude protein/kg (Table 1). Birds were managed as described in experiment 1 and were weighed individually at weekly intervals until they were 8 weeks of age. Mortality, food consumption and food efficiency were determined at each weighing period for each replicate. At 8 weeks of age, two birds were randomly selected from each of the replicates, killed by cervical dislocation and examined for gross changes in the internal organs. The following were examined and weighed: liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and abdominal fat. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance as outlined by
738
E. O. OYAWOYE AND W. F. KRUEGER TABLE 2
Effect of phenylpropanolamine on body weight, cumulative food consumption, food efficiency conversion and mortality of broiler breeder chicks at 4 weeks of age (experiment 1) Drug concentration (mgAg)
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
0 50 100 200 400
Body weight (g) 675-l± 9-1" 676-6± 8-1" 657-7±10-l°* 650-7± 9-4"» 634-8± 8-4*
Food consumption (g/bird)
Gain: food ratio
Mortality (%)
1343-3±12-0° 1343-3± 8-8° 1301-7±10-l» 1292-0± 9-24c 1267-3+ 8-5c
0-459±0-022" 0-467±0-021° 0-469 ± 0-013°4 0-472± 0-012°* 0-485±0-011>
5-0±l-0" 6-7±l-7" 6-7±l-7° 6-7±l-7° 6-7±l-7°
Values are means ±SE. Means within each column followed by different superscripts are significantly different (P
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Potential of chemical regulation of food intake and body weight of broiler breeder chicks E. O. Oyawoye
a b
& W. F. Krueger
a
a
Department of Poultry Science , Texas A&M University, College Station , TX 77843, USA b
Department of Animal Production , Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University , Bauchi, Bauchi State, P.M.B. 0248, Nigeria Published online: 08 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: E. O. Oyawoye & W. F. Krueger (1990) Potential of chemical regulation of food intake and body weight of broiler breeder chicks, British Poultry Science, 31:4, 735-742, DOI: 10.1080/00071669008417304 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669008417304
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/ page/terms-and-conditions
British Poultry Science (1990) 31: 735-742
POTENTIAL OF CHEMICAL REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT OF BROILER BREEDER CHICKS
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
E. O. OYAWOYE1,2 AND W. F. KRUEGER Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Received for publication 17th July 1989
Abstract 1. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the potential of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and monensin sodium as appetite- and weight-control agents for Indian River broiler breeder chicks. 2. In experiment 1, a total of 300 day-old sexed broiler breeder chicks were individually weighed and placed in battery cages. They were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments, namely 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride added to a maize-soyabean meal basal diet. 3. In experiment 2, a total of 400 day-old sexed broiler breeder chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatments which were a combination of two concentrations of dietary crude protein (200 and 150 g/kg) and 5 different concentrations of added drugs in the diet, namely 0, 500 and 800 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and 200 and 300 mg/kg of monensin sodium. 4. Food consumption and body weight gain were significantly reduced by feeding diets containing the drugs but mortality was not significantly affected. Birds showed evidence of increased tolerance, with age, to phenylpropanolamine but not to monensin. 5. Monensin sodium, at high inclusion rates, was found to be a more potent and effective appetite- and growth-depressing agent for broiler breeder chicks than phenylpropanolamine and may have application in broiler breeder production using an ad libitum feeding programme.
INTRODUCTION
The traditional method of raising broiler breeders from day-old to sexual maturity involves severe diet restriction (Singsen et al., 1958; Harms et al., 1 Present address: Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B. 0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. 735
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
736
E. O. OYAWOYE AND W. F. KRUEGER
1968; Voitle et al, 1970; Fuller et al, 1973). Several feeding systems have been developed based on food, energy or protein restriction or any combination of these (Waldroup et al, 1966; Voitle et al, 1974; Powell and Gehle, 1976). Many of these are complicated, are a psychological barrier to growers who prefer to overfeed animals and are of questionable acceptability on the grounds of animal welfare. There is a need for an alternative method to raising broiler breeder birds of acceptable quality, that are cost competitive and that overcome some of the barriers which apply to present feeding systems. Any drug or chemical that can control appetite and body weight may find application in broiler breeder nutrition and management and may allow the birds to be fed ad libitum during the growing period. Anorectic or appetitesuppressing drugs reduce the subjective awareness to hunger; phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine are examples, which are classified as centrally-acting anorective drugs (Silverstone and Kyriakides, 1982). The use of these drugs to control growth and food intake in man and animals began with the observations that weight reduction occurred as a side effect in patients receiving drug therapy (Davidoff and Reifenstein, 1937; Nathanson 1937; Ulrich, 1937). Phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine have been used to control eating behaviour and body weight of rats (Tainter, 1944), dogs (Harris et al, 1947) and humans (Griboff et al, 1975; Hoebel et al, 1975). These drugs, however, have not been used to control food intake in domestic birds. Monensin sodium, a carboxylic ionophore, is widely used by the poultry industry as a coccidiostat. Monensin supplementation at higher than the recommended range of 100-121 mg/kg of diet depresses food consumption of chickens (Ryley and Wilson, 1975; Howell et al., 1980; Hanrahan et al, 1981; Parsons and Baker, 1982; Cervantes and Jensen, 1984; Welch et al, 1984). These observations suggest that, at high inclusion rates, monensin may be functioning as an appetitesuppressing agent for chickens. The present study was undertaken to provide information on the deliberate use of phenylpropanolamine and monensin as appetite-suppressing and weight-control agents for broiler breeder birds. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In experiment 1, a total of 300 day-old sexed Indian River broiler breeder chicks were individually weighed and assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments with three replications. There were 20 chicks per replication and 60 chicks per treatment. Chicks were placed in brooder cages that were electrically heated and maintained in a windowless room with controlled ventilation and constant lighting. The dietary treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride added to a maize-soyabean meal basal diet. The basal diet was formulated to contain 11-97 MJ ME/kg and 200 g/kg crude protein (Table 1). Food and water were supplied ad libitum and water troughs were cleaned every day throughout the experimental period. Individual body weights of the chicks were recorded at the beginning of the experiment and the chicks were individually weighted at weekly intervals until they were 4 weeks of age. Mortality was recorded as it occurred and food
CHEMICAL REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE
737
TABLE 1
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
Composition of the basal diets for experiment 1 & 2 (g/kg)
Ingredients Ground yellow maize Soyabean meal (440g protein/kg) Alfalfa meal (170g protein/kg) Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate DL-methionine Sodium chloride Vitamin premix1 Zinc oxide Manganese sulphate Total
200 g/kg crude protein 614-1 304-0 49-4 16-7 9-5 1-3 2-0 2-5
0-25 0-25 1000
150 g/kg crude protein 681-0 145-7 141-5 20-2 5-6 10 2-0 2-5
0-25 0-25 1000
Calculated analysis (as fed basis) Crude protein 200 150 Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) 11-97 11-97 9-0 9-0 Calcium 7-0 7-0 Total phosphorus 4-5 3-5 Methionine 7-3 Lvsine 11-0 'Vitamin premix supplied the following quantities, (mg per kg of diet): retinol 2-64; cholecalciferol 5-5; a-tocopheral 30; menadione sodium bisulphite complex 2-2; riboflavin 4-4; pantothenic acid 12-2; choline chloride 500: niacin 22; cobalamin 0-01; biotin 0-06; thiamine 1-1.
consumption was recorded for each replication-treatment group on a weekly basis. Food efficiency values (g food/g body weight gain) were determined during each weighing period. In experiment 2, the dose of phenylpropanolamine in the diet was increased and another drug, monensin sodium, was evaluated. A total of 400 day-old sexed Indian River broiler breeder chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatment which were a combination of two different concentrations of dietary crude protein (200 g/kg or 150 g/kg) and 5 concentrations of added drugs. The inclusion rates investigated were 0, 500 and 800 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and 200 and 300 mg/kg of monensin sodium supplied by 'Coban' (Elanco Products Co., Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana). There were two replications per treatment with 20 chicks per replication. Two maize-soyabean meal basal diets were formulated to be isoenergetic containing either 200 g or 150 g crude protein/kg (Table 1). Birds were managed as described in experiment 1 and were weighed individually at weekly intervals until they were 8 weeks of age. Mortality, food consumption and food efficiency were determined at each weighing period for each replicate. At 8 weeks of age, two birds were randomly selected from each of the replicates, killed by cervical dislocation and examined for gross changes in the internal organs. The following were examined and weighed: liver, heart, gizzard, spleen and abdominal fat. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance as outlined by
738
E. O. OYAWOYE AND W. F. KRUEGER TABLE 2
Effect of phenylpropanolamine on body weight, cumulative food consumption, food efficiency conversion and mortality of broiler breeder chicks at 4 weeks of age (experiment 1) Drug concentration (mgAg)
Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 06:26 05 May 2015
0 50 100 200 400
Body weight (g) 675-l± 9-1" 676-6± 8-1" 657-7±10-l°* 650-7± 9-4"» 634-8± 8-4*
Food consumption (g/bird)
Gain: food ratio
Mortality (%)
1343-3±12-0° 1343-3± 8-8° 1301-7±10-l» 1292-0± 9-24c 1267-3+ 8-5c
0-459±0-022" 0-467±0-021° 0-469 ± 0-013°4 0-472± 0-012°* 0-485±0-011>
5-0±l-0" 6-7±l-7" 6-7±l-7° 6-7±l-7° 6-7±l-7°
Values are means ±SE. Means within each column followed by different superscripts are significantly different (P
