January-March 2014
99
Correspondence
Anti-microbial susceptibility: Interpretation necessary with reference to a standard guideline Dear Editor,
References
This is regarding one article by Suneeth N, Teena MM, Usha V, Mary J ‘Microbiological profile of orbital abscess’ (2012);30 (3):317-22[1] published in the Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. In this article authors retrospectively reviewed 56 patients with orbital abscess between January 1995 and May 2011. They have elaborately evaluated primary source of infection, organisms cultured, their sensitivity patterns, empirical antibiotic therapy administered and the requirements for change of antibiotic regime. This is indeed a very useful article to know the bacteriological profile of orbital abscesses. They have mentioned about the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all the isolates but have not mentioned about any standard guideline used for interpreting anti-microbial susceptibility of the isolates. In the sensitivity pattern obtained, they have mentioned that Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the 3rd case and the 6th case was sensitive to vancomycin and cephalaxin and Enterobacter spp. isolated from 10th case was also sensitive to vancomycin as mentioned in of the article. But, according to CLSI guidelines there are no interpretative criteria available for vancomycin and cephalaxin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and for vancomycin against Enterobacter spp.[2] Vancomycin is a drug used exclusively for Gram positive organism. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram negative organisms are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin.[3,4] Early and appropriate management of orbital abscess is very essential as delay in treatment may lead to poor outcome like visual loss. Along with surgical management proper administration of antibiotic plays a pivotal role in the management. Hence, an antibiotic sensitivity report interpreted with reference to a standard guideline would guide the treating ophthalmologist in initiating proper management and thus benefit the patient.
1. 2.
3.
4.
Suneeth N, Teena MM, Usha V, Mary J. Microbiological profile of orbital abscess. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012;30:317-22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 22nd Informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S22. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012. Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Principles of Antimicrobial action and resistance. In: Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th ed, Ch 11. St. Louis: The CV Mosby Company; 2007. p. 172. Livermore DM, Winstanley TG, Shannon KP. Interpretative reading: Recognizing the unusual and inferring resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Jul;48 Suppl 1:87-102.
*D Das, AD Roy Departments of Microbiology (DD), Pathology (ADR), Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, East Sikkim, India *Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 06-06-2013 Accepted: 25-10-2013
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124353
Prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and broilers in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India
Dear Editor, Salmonellosis has been recognized in all countries, but appears to be most prevalent in areas, where intensive animal husbandry practices are common, especially of poultry or pigs. Poultry and pigs may show no clinical illness but are important in relation to the spread of infection between flocks and herds and as cause of human food poisoning.
The present study aimed to know the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry and pigs in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India and to compare the two different systems of pig rearing namely extensive or free-range (scavengers) and intensive production system existing in the region. A total of 343 faecal samples from poultry and pigs and 100 tissue samples from broilers were examined during the period from January 2011 to July 2012. Two different
www.ijmm.org
100
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
vol. 32, No. 1
pig rearing system were compared in order to know the Salmonella prevalence. Under intensive production system university pig farm was selected and for scavengers, area in and around Pantnagar was selected. Total prevalence of Salmonella in pigs was 8.6% including 0% prevalence of Salmonella under intensive production system whereas under free-range system it was 15.6%. The results of present study corroborate with the findings of Van der Wolf.[1] The prevalence of Salmonella infection was highest in finishing pigs (17.6%), followed-by weaned pigs (15.3%), fattening pigs (14.2%) and sows (14.2%). In the present study, most commonly affected age group was finishing pigs indicating that young pigs always have potential to become Salmonella carriers or may act as reservoirs posing a great concern to public health. Prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium was highest (62.5%) in pigs followed-by Salmonella Bredney (25%) and Salmonella Infantis (12.5%). Two new emerging zoonotic Salmonella serotypes namely Salmonella Bredney and Salmonella Infantis showed their appearance during present investigation which is the first published report of isolation of these two Salmonella serotypes from pigs from this region [Figure 1]. Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Bradeney isolated from the pigs reared under free-range system in the present study is the cause of concern for the region and needful measures to be adopted to control these zoonotic pathogens to be transmitted from pigs to humans. Total prevalence of Salmonella in poultry was found to be 12.28% including prevalence from clocal faecal samples 8.4% (21/250) and from tissue samples 22% (22/100). Maximum prevalence of Salmonella (17.5%) was found in 1-9 days of age group, followed-by >28 days of age group (15.2%), 10-18 days of age group (8%) and 19-27 days of age group (7.5%). The findings of present study resemble with the findings of Kumar et al.[2] In the present study maximum 20 isolates (46.5%) were of S. typhimurium followed-by Salmonella Enteritidis 16 (37.2%) and Salmonella Gallinarum 7 (16.2%) [Figure 2]. During the present study two important zoonotic serotypes namely S. typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis showed their dominance, whereas host specific serotype Salmonella Gallinarum showed low prevalence and Salmonella Pullorum could not be isolated. Relatively high percentage of Salmonella was detected in two food animals namely poultry and pigs in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The percentage of Salmonella positive samples ranged from 8.6% in pigs to 12.2% in broilers [Table 1]. Overall prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 11.5% (51/443). Poultry and pigs may show no clinical illness but are
Figure 1: Relative occurrence of different serotypes of Salmonella from pigs
Figure 2: Relative occurrence of different serotypes of Salmonella from poultry
Table 1: Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry and pigs in and around Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) Source Total number No. positive for of samples Salmonella (%) Poultry (faecal samples) 250 21 (8.4) Poultry (tissue samples) 100 22 (22.0) Pig (faecal samples) 93 8 (8.6) Total 443 51 (11.5) important in relation to the spread of infection between flocks and herds and as cause of human food poisoning.[3]. The study concluded that high percentage of Salmonella was detected in two food animals namely poultry and pigs in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Pigs reared under free-range system are more susceptible to Salmonella infection. In pigs and poultry dominant serotype is S. typhimurium which is having zoonotic importance. Report of isolation of Salmonella Bredney and Salmonella Infantis from pigs is the first report from this region posing a great threat to pig industry as well to mankind. The results from this study indicate that pig and poultry environments are reservoirs for Salmonella, the serotypes frequently reported in the literature to be most prevalent may differ from region to region but efforts should be made to control this pathogen in these animals.
www.ijmm.org
January-March 2014
References 1. 2. 3.
101
Correspondence
Van der Wolf PJ. Salmonella in the Pork Production Chain: feasibility of Salmonella Free Pig Production. Thesis. The Netherlands: University of Utrecht; 2000. Kumar T, Mahajan NK, Rakha NK. Epidemiology of fowl typhoid in Haryana, India. Worlds Poult Sci J 2010;66:503-10. Wray C, Wray A, editors. Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International; 2000.
*Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 03-06-2013 Accepted: 03-06-2013
*T Kumar, VS Rajora, N Arora Department of Veterinary Medicine, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124356
ERRATUM Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology October 2012; Vol 30; Issue 4 Title: Intramedullary Hydatid Cyst of the Cervical Spine: A Case Report Page 480; Authors: Senol, Güney M; Tekeli, Kendirli H, Tansel M; Kaya; Serdar, Vedat T, Güner S; Saracoglu; Meh. Should read as Senol, MG; Tekeli, H; Kendirli, MT; Kaya, S; Turhan, V; Sonmez, G; Saracoglu, M. The book Review of ‘Ananthanarayan & Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology (Ninth Edition)’ published in the Oct- Dec 2013 issue- the price is Rs.695.00. The error is regretted - Editor, IJMM www.ijmm.org
Copyright of Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
99
Correspondence
Anti-microbial susceptibility: Interpretation necessary with reference to a standard guideline Dear Editor,
References
This is regarding one article by Suneeth N, Teena MM, Usha V, Mary J ‘Microbiological profile of orbital abscess’ (2012);30 (3):317-22[1] published in the Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. In this article authors retrospectively reviewed 56 patients with orbital abscess between January 1995 and May 2011. They have elaborately evaluated primary source of infection, organisms cultured, their sensitivity patterns, empirical antibiotic therapy administered and the requirements for change of antibiotic regime. This is indeed a very useful article to know the bacteriological profile of orbital abscesses. They have mentioned about the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all the isolates but have not mentioned about any standard guideline used for interpreting anti-microbial susceptibility of the isolates. In the sensitivity pattern obtained, they have mentioned that Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the 3rd case and the 6th case was sensitive to vancomycin and cephalaxin and Enterobacter spp. isolated from 10th case was also sensitive to vancomycin as mentioned in of the article. But, according to CLSI guidelines there are no interpretative criteria available for vancomycin and cephalaxin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and for vancomycin against Enterobacter spp.[2] Vancomycin is a drug used exclusively for Gram positive organism. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram negative organisms are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin.[3,4] Early and appropriate management of orbital abscess is very essential as delay in treatment may lead to poor outcome like visual loss. Along with surgical management proper administration of antibiotic plays a pivotal role in the management. Hence, an antibiotic sensitivity report interpreted with reference to a standard guideline would guide the treating ophthalmologist in initiating proper management and thus benefit the patient.
1. 2.
3.
4.
Suneeth N, Teena MM, Usha V, Mary J. Microbiological profile of orbital abscess. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012;30:317-22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 22nd Informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S22. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012. Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Principles of Antimicrobial action and resistance. In: Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th ed, Ch 11. St. Louis: The CV Mosby Company; 2007. p. 172. Livermore DM, Winstanley TG, Shannon KP. Interpretative reading: Recognizing the unusual and inferring resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 Jul;48 Suppl 1:87-102.
*D Das, AD Roy Departments of Microbiology (DD), Pathology (ADR), Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, East Sikkim, India *Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 06-06-2013 Accepted: 25-10-2013
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124353
Prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and broilers in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India
Dear Editor, Salmonellosis has been recognized in all countries, but appears to be most prevalent in areas, where intensive animal husbandry practices are common, especially of poultry or pigs. Poultry and pigs may show no clinical illness but are important in relation to the spread of infection between flocks and herds and as cause of human food poisoning.
The present study aimed to know the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry and pigs in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India and to compare the two different systems of pig rearing namely extensive or free-range (scavengers) and intensive production system existing in the region. A total of 343 faecal samples from poultry and pigs and 100 tissue samples from broilers were examined during the period from January 2011 to July 2012. Two different
www.ijmm.org
100
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
vol. 32, No. 1
pig rearing system were compared in order to know the Salmonella prevalence. Under intensive production system university pig farm was selected and for scavengers, area in and around Pantnagar was selected. Total prevalence of Salmonella in pigs was 8.6% including 0% prevalence of Salmonella under intensive production system whereas under free-range system it was 15.6%. The results of present study corroborate with the findings of Van der Wolf.[1] The prevalence of Salmonella infection was highest in finishing pigs (17.6%), followed-by weaned pigs (15.3%), fattening pigs (14.2%) and sows (14.2%). In the present study, most commonly affected age group was finishing pigs indicating that young pigs always have potential to become Salmonella carriers or may act as reservoirs posing a great concern to public health. Prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium was highest (62.5%) in pigs followed-by Salmonella Bredney (25%) and Salmonella Infantis (12.5%). Two new emerging zoonotic Salmonella serotypes namely Salmonella Bredney and Salmonella Infantis showed their appearance during present investigation which is the first published report of isolation of these two Salmonella serotypes from pigs from this region [Figure 1]. Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Bradeney isolated from the pigs reared under free-range system in the present study is the cause of concern for the region and needful measures to be adopted to control these zoonotic pathogens to be transmitted from pigs to humans. Total prevalence of Salmonella in poultry was found to be 12.28% including prevalence from clocal faecal samples 8.4% (21/250) and from tissue samples 22% (22/100). Maximum prevalence of Salmonella (17.5%) was found in 1-9 days of age group, followed-by >28 days of age group (15.2%), 10-18 days of age group (8%) and 19-27 days of age group (7.5%). The findings of present study resemble with the findings of Kumar et al.[2] In the present study maximum 20 isolates (46.5%) were of S. typhimurium followed-by Salmonella Enteritidis 16 (37.2%) and Salmonella Gallinarum 7 (16.2%) [Figure 2]. During the present study two important zoonotic serotypes namely S. typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis showed their dominance, whereas host specific serotype Salmonella Gallinarum showed low prevalence and Salmonella Pullorum could not be isolated. Relatively high percentage of Salmonella was detected in two food animals namely poultry and pigs in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The percentage of Salmonella positive samples ranged from 8.6% in pigs to 12.2% in broilers [Table 1]. Overall prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 11.5% (51/443). Poultry and pigs may show no clinical illness but are
Figure 1: Relative occurrence of different serotypes of Salmonella from pigs
Figure 2: Relative occurrence of different serotypes of Salmonella from poultry
Table 1: Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry and pigs in and around Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) Source Total number No. positive for of samples Salmonella (%) Poultry (faecal samples) 250 21 (8.4) Poultry (tissue samples) 100 22 (22.0) Pig (faecal samples) 93 8 (8.6) Total 443 51 (11.5) important in relation to the spread of infection between flocks and herds and as cause of human food poisoning.[3]. The study concluded that high percentage of Salmonella was detected in two food animals namely poultry and pigs in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Pigs reared under free-range system are more susceptible to Salmonella infection. In pigs and poultry dominant serotype is S. typhimurium which is having zoonotic importance. Report of isolation of Salmonella Bredney and Salmonella Infantis from pigs is the first report from this region posing a great threat to pig industry as well to mankind. The results from this study indicate that pig and poultry environments are reservoirs for Salmonella, the serotypes frequently reported in the literature to be most prevalent may differ from region to region but efforts should be made to control this pathogen in these animals.
www.ijmm.org
January-March 2014
References 1. 2. 3.
101
Correspondence
Van der Wolf PJ. Salmonella in the Pork Production Chain: feasibility of Salmonella Free Pig Production. Thesis. The Netherlands: University of Utrecht; 2000. Kumar T, Mahajan NK, Rakha NK. Epidemiology of fowl typhoid in Haryana, India. Worlds Poult Sci J 2010;66:503-10. Wray C, Wray A, editors. Salmonella in Domestic Animals. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International; 2000.
*Corresponding author (email: ) Received: 03-06-2013 Accepted: 03-06-2013
*T Kumar, VS Rajora, N Arora Department of Veterinary Medicine, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Access this article online Quick Response Code:
Website: www.ijmm.org PMID: *** DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124356
ERRATUM Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology October 2012; Vol 30; Issue 4 Title: Intramedullary Hydatid Cyst of the Cervical Spine: A Case Report Page 480; Authors: Senol, Güney M; Tekeli, Kendirli H, Tansel M; Kaya; Serdar, Vedat T, Güner S; Saracoglu; Meh. Should read as Senol, MG; Tekeli, H; Kendirli, MT; Kaya, S; Turhan, V; Sonmez, G; Saracoglu, M. The book Review of ‘Ananthanarayan & Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology (Ninth Edition)’ published in the Oct- Dec 2013 issue- the price is Rs.695.00. The error is regretted - Editor, IJMM www.ijmm.org
Copyright of Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology is the property of Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
