Iroh Tam et al
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal • Volume 34, Number 4, April 2015
3. Sattler CA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Prospective comparison of risk factors and demographic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:910–917. 4. Inman JC, Rowe M, Ghostine M, et al. Pediatric neck abscesses: changing organisms and empiric therapies. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:2111–2114. 5. Abdel-Haq N, Quezada M, Asmar BI. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the rising incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:696–699. 6. Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279:593–598. 7. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1785–1791. 8. Bocchini CE, Hulten KG, Mason EO Jr, et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 2006;117:433–440. 9. Craig FW, Schunk JE. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6 pt 1):1394–1398. 10. Haug RH, Wible RT, Lieberman J. Measurement standards for the prevertebral region in the lateral soft-tissue radiograph of the neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:1149–1151. 11. Plaza Mayor G, Martínez-San Millán J, Martínez-Vidal A. Is conservative treatment of deep neck space infections appropriate? Head Neck. 2001;23:126–133. 12. Sichel JY, Dano I, Hocwald E, et al. Nonsurgical management of parapharyngeal space infections: a prospective study. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:906–910. 13. Asmar BI. Bacteriology of retropharyngeal abscess in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:595–597. 14. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:285–292.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PENICILLIN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE Pui-Ying Iroh Tam, MD,* Lawrence C. Madoff, MD,† Michael O’Connell, BS,‡ and Stephen I. Pelton, MD,§ Abstract: We evaluated prospectively laboratory surveillance data from Massachusetts to investigate whether seasonal variation in invasive pneumococcal disease is associated with the proportion of penicillin-susceptible isolates. The proportion of penicillin-susceptible isolates associated with invasive pneumococcal disease varied by season, with proportions highest in the winter and lowest in the summer, and rates of invasive disease were highest in the autumn and winter seasons and lowest in the summer. Key Words: invasive pneumococcal disease, seasonality, penicillin susceptibility, pediatric, clinical outcome From the *University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN; †Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, MA; ‡University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and §Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA. PI received grant support from Pfizer (WS2420842) for this study. SIP has received honoraria for advisory board service on pneumococcal vaccines from GSK bio and Pfizer, and has received investigator-initiated grants from Pfizer and Merck. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health Award Number UL1TR000114. The authors have no other funding or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address for correspondence: Pui-Ying Iroh Tam, 3–210 MTRF, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail: [email protected]. Copyright © 2014 by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000620
456 | www.pidj.com
I
nvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) exhibits seasonal variation in different geographic regions.1 Climactic factors including temperature, humidity, rainfall and windspeed have been implicated,1,2 as well as increased indoor air pollution during cold months,3 potentially from wood-burning stoves. Host factors include an increase in asthma exacerbations during cold months, which is a known risk factor for IPD.4 In children, respiratory viral infections have correlated with increased admissions with IPD.5 Cold months have also been significantly associated with higher antimicrobial resistance rates among Jewish children with acute otitis media.6 We hypothesized that seasonal variation in IPD in children would also be associated with differences in penicillin susceptibility rates, with higher nonsusceptibility rates in the winter season.
METHODS Enhanced statewide surveillance for IPD has been in place in Massachusetts since 2001, and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from sterile sites from children
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal • Volume 34, Number 4, April 2015
3. Sattler CA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Prospective comparison of risk factors and demographic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:910–917. 4. Inman JC, Rowe M, Ghostine M, et al. Pediatric neck abscesses: changing organisms and empiric therapies. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:2111–2114. 5. Abdel-Haq N, Quezada M, Asmar BI. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the rising incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:696–699. 6. Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279:593–598. 7. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1785–1791. 8. Bocchini CE, Hulten KG, Mason EO Jr, et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 2006;117:433–440. 9. Craig FW, Schunk JE. Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6 pt 1):1394–1398. 10. Haug RH, Wible RT, Lieberman J. Measurement standards for the prevertebral region in the lateral soft-tissue radiograph of the neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:1149–1151. 11. Plaza Mayor G, Martínez-San Millán J, Martínez-Vidal A. Is conservative treatment of deep neck space infections appropriate? Head Neck. 2001;23:126–133. 12. Sichel JY, Dano I, Hocwald E, et al. Nonsurgical management of parapharyngeal space infections: a prospective study. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:906–910. 13. Asmar BI. Bacteriology of retropharyngeal abscess in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:595–597. 14. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:285–292.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PENICILLIN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE Pui-Ying Iroh Tam, MD,* Lawrence C. Madoff, MD,† Michael O’Connell, BS,‡ and Stephen I. Pelton, MD,§ Abstract: We evaluated prospectively laboratory surveillance data from Massachusetts to investigate whether seasonal variation in invasive pneumococcal disease is associated with the proportion of penicillin-susceptible isolates. The proportion of penicillin-susceptible isolates associated with invasive pneumococcal disease varied by season, with proportions highest in the winter and lowest in the summer, and rates of invasive disease were highest in the autumn and winter seasons and lowest in the summer. Key Words: invasive pneumococcal disease, seasonality, penicillin susceptibility, pediatric, clinical outcome From the *University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN; †Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, MA; ‡University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and §Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA. PI received grant support from Pfizer (WS2420842) for this study. SIP has received honoraria for advisory board service on pneumococcal vaccines from GSK bio and Pfizer, and has received investigator-initiated grants from Pfizer and Merck. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health Award Number UL1TR000114. The authors have no other funding or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address for correspondence: Pui-Ying Iroh Tam, 3–210 MTRF, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail: [email protected]. Copyright © 2014 by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000620
456 | www.pidj.com
I
nvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) exhibits seasonal variation in different geographic regions.1 Climactic factors including temperature, humidity, rainfall and windspeed have been implicated,1,2 as well as increased indoor air pollution during cold months,3 potentially from wood-burning stoves. Host factors include an increase in asthma exacerbations during cold months, which is a known risk factor for IPD.4 In children, respiratory viral infections have correlated with increased admissions with IPD.5 Cold months have also been significantly associated with higher antimicrobial resistance rates among Jewish children with acute otitis media.6 We hypothesized that seasonal variation in IPD in children would also be associated with differences in penicillin susceptibility rates, with higher nonsusceptibility rates in the winter season.
METHODS Enhanced statewide surveillance for IPD has been in place in Massachusetts since 2001, and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from sterile sites from children
