This article was downloaded by: [Ryerson University] On: 02 December 2014, At: 11:46 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljii20

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Local Chickens in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State, South East Nigeria a

b

b

c

J. Abraham-Oyiguh , M. O. Adewumi , A. B. Onoja , I. Suleiman , L. d

c

a

K. Sulaiman , S. J. Ahmed & S. T. Jagboro a

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria b

Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria c

Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Other Trans-Boundary Avian Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria d

Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria Accepted author version posted online: 20 Oct 2014.Published online: 25 Nov 2014.

To cite this article: J. Abraham-Oyiguh, M. O. Adewumi, A. B. Onoja, I. Suleiman, L. K. Sulaiman, S. J. Ahmed & S. T. Jagboro (2015) Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Local Chickens in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State, South East Nigeria, Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 36:4, 398-404, DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.973116 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2014.973116

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or

howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions

Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 36:398–404, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1532-1819 print/1532-4230 online DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.973116

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

SEROPREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS IN LOCAL CHICKENS IN UDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE, SOUTH EAST NIGERIA

J. Abraham-Oyiguh,1 M. O. Adewumi,2 A. B. Onoja,2 I. Suleiman,3 L. K. Sulaiman,4 S. J. Ahmed,3 and S. T. Jagboro1 1 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria 2 Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria 4 Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Other Trans-Boundary Avian Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria



Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) poses a great global threat to the poultry industry. Knowledge of the occurrence of the disease is important in the design and implementation of a control program, therefore this study determines the seroprevalence of IBDV in local chickens in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State. 250 chickens were bled by exsanguination and sera obtained were screened using Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test. The seropositivity was 51.6%, which is indicates endemicity of the disease. Biosecurity and good sanitary measures are recommended. Molecular characterization of the strains should be carried out for inclusion in generic vaccines. Keywords seroprevalence, infectious bursal disease virus, local chicken, agar gel immunodiffusion, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is caused by Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) a non enveloped double-stranded RNA virus of the genus Avibirnavirus in the family Birnaviridae.[1,2] Although turkeys, ducks, guinea fowl, and ostriches may be infected, clinical disease occurs solely in chicken. Only young birds are clinically affected. It is a severe and acute disease of 3–6-week-old birds, and is associated with high mortality, but a less acute or subclinical disease is common in 0–3-week-old birds.[2,3] IBDV causes lymphoid depletion of the bursa, and if this occurs in the first two weeks of life, significant depression of the humoral antibody response may result.[4,5] Address correspondence to J. Abraham-Oyiguh, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B.1037 Idah, Kogi State 234, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in South Eastern Nigeria

399

The subclinical variant strain of serotype I IBDV was widespread in the United States, Australia, Canada, Central America, and South America. The Office of International des Epizooties (OIE) reported that IBD is present in more than 95% of its member countries, while acute IBD caused by vvIBDV has been observed in over 80% of these countries, including central Europe, Russia, the Middle East, South America, and Asia.[5] There are three recognized pathogenic types of IBDV: classic virulent (cvIBDV), sub-clinical (scIBDV), and very virulent (vvIBDV). All three pathogenic types of IBDV cause immune suppression which leads to secondary infections and a failure to produce an immune response to vaccines. The cvIBDV typically causes a high morbidity and low mortality disease while the scIBDV cause very little morbidity and no mortality. The vvIBDV causes an acute disease in chickens characterized by high morbidity and high mortality.[6,7] Also, two distinct serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are known to exist. Serotype 1 virus causes clinical disease in chicken younger than 10 weeks. Older chickens usually show no clinical signs.[8,9] Antibodies are sometimes found in other avian species, but no signs of infection are seen. Serotype 2 antibodies are very widespread in turkeys and are sometimes found in chicken and ducks. There are no reports of clinical disease caused by infection with serotype 2 virus.[10] Breeder flock vaccination with vaccines that match the antigenicity of the cvIBDV and scIBDV field challenge is an effective control program, producing maternal immunity in the chicks. However, antigenic drift by the virus has circumvented the efficacy of some vaccination programs.[1,11–13] The recent “re-emergence” of IBDV in the form of antigenic variants and hyper virulent strains has caused significant losses and difficulty in control using classical vaccines.[14] Direct losses are linked to specific mortality and depend on the dose and virulence of the strain, the age and breed of the animals, and the presence or absence of passive immunity. The immune suppression resulting from IBDV infection is the underlying cause of many respiratory and enteric diseases in chickens and economic problem throughout the world.[13] Laboratory studies have also shown that antigenic drift can confound control programs and that pathogenicity among IBDV varies with the strain of virus, host immunity and genetic makeup of the host.[7] IBD is one of the major threats to the poultry industry as it leads to high morbidity, mortality rate up to 70% in unprotected chickens,[15] as well as marked immunosuppression and decrease in productivity in chickens.[7] IBD is of medical and public health importance as it leads to loss of a protein source for the populace as well as loss of an economic source to the poultry farmers. The latter can lead to total loss of means of livelihood, depression, and other medical conditions. Knowledge of the occurrence

400

J. Abraham-Oyiguh et al.

and prevalence of the disease is important in the design and implementation of a suitable control program.[16] There is paucity of data regarding IBDV incidence and outbreak in this area, thus screening for antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus among village chicken can give insight into the role of disease in chicken mortality that occurs annually in Udu Local Government.[16] Therefore, this project is designed to determine the seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus in local chicken in Udu local government area of Delta State of Nigeria, and to generate data for policy formulation and control.

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

MATERIALS AND METHODS Area of Study The study was carried out in 5 markets (Udu, Ovwian, Alaja, Ajigbela, and Otokuto) in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State in the South-south region of Nigeria. The study location covers a total land area of 17,698 km2 and included a population of 16,710. The state is located between latitudes 5Â◦ 00 N and 6Â◦ 30 N and longitudes 5Â◦ 00 E and 6Â◦ 45 E. It is bounded in the north by Edo state, in the south by Bayelsa State, in the east by Anambra State. Delta State is generally low-lying without remarkable hills. The state has a wide coastal belt inter-lace with rivulets and streams, which form part of the Niger-Delta. The study locations provided good central points where communities around them bring their local chickens for sale. The availability of central slaughter points and processing made the markets suitable for the study. Sample Collection 5 mL of blood samples were collected from each of 250 local adult chickens of mixed gender by slaughtering (exsanguination) from five (5) markets (Udu, Ovwian, Alaja, Ajigbela, Otokuto) between December 2011 and November 2012 in Udu local Government in Delta State, and sera obtained by centrifugation at 3000 rpm. Sera were then refrigerated at 4◦ C until subsequently transported to the Regional Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and other Transboundary Avian Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State for Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Sample size was determined according to the formula described by Makita.[17] Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) Test Wells were cut in agar using tubular cutter. The agar was removed from the wells using suction pump. The test sera were dispensed into the wells.

401

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in South Eastern Nigeria

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

TABLE 1 Seroprevalence of IBDV in local chickens in Udu LGA of Delta State Market

No. of Sample

No. Positive

% Positive

Udu Ovwian Alaja Ajigbela Otokuto TOTAL

50 50 50 50 50 250

29 32 29 20 19 129

58.0 64.0 58.0 40.0 38.0 51.6

Standard antigen was dispensed into the central well. Standard positive antiserum was dispensed in the peripheral well opposite the standard antigen. Standard negative antiserum was dispensed into the well. The plate was incubated between 37◦ C for 24–48 hr in a humid chamber to avoid drying of the agar and examined in a dark background for lines of identity.[10] Data Analysis The prevalence of antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus was calculated using the formula reported by Sule et al.:[16] Prevalence (%) = number of serum positive/total number of serum examined× 100 RESULTS Seroprevalence of IBDV in Local Chicken in Udu LGA of Delta State Ovwian market had the highest number of positive sample 32 (64.0%), Udu and Alaja market both had 29 (58.0%) prevalence, while Otokuto market had the lowest number of positive sample 19 (38.0%). The total number of positive samples is 129 (51.6%) (Table 1). DISCUSSION Result of the study confirmed the circulation of Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in udu local government area of Delta State. From Table 1, an overall prevalence of 51.6% (129/250) IBD was recorded in the study area. Tesfaheywet[18] reported a higher seroprevalence rate of IBD (76.3%) from Ethiopia. Ovwian market had the highest prevalence rate of antibody with 32 (64.0%) positive samples among the markets surveyed, which strongly agreed with the result obtained by Ibrahim and Tanya[19] who reported a prevalence rate of 60.6% from the Sahel region of Nigeria, but not comparable with 55% seroprevalence of IBD obtained by Kelly et al.[20]

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

402

J. Abraham-Oyiguh et al.

in a similar study carried out in Zimbabwe. Sule et al.[16] also obtained prevalence rate of 63% in a similar study carried out in Yobe State. This is an indication that, nowadays, IBD is no longer a problem of intensive production only, but also a newly emerged problem for the household chicken farmers too. The prevalence obtained from this study further supports the findings that infectious bursal disease is endemic in Nigeria.[16] Statistics of the disease from other parts of the country include prevalence of 63% for Gombe, 8% for Borno states, respectively, 78.1% for Zaria and 68.0% for Ibadan.[16] Since infectious bursal disease is immunosuppressive, most of these chickens might have been subjected to increased susceptibility to Newcastle disease and other disease agents. However, contrary to this study, seroprevalence rate of IBD from some countries were lower; for example, Tesfaheywet[18] reported a seroprevalence rate of 29% for Ethiopia. The high prevalence rate of 64% in Ovwian, 58% for Udu and Alaja were indicative of a high virus activity. The medium prevalence rate of 40% for Ajigbela and 38% for Otokuto were indicative of moderate viral activity. Since infectious bursal disease can be transmitted through contact exposure, it is probable that the high virus activity was due to horizontal transmission that occurred due to poor sanitary condition, especially garbage heaps or refuge dumps generated by the people as well as horizontal transmission among the various age groups of chickens that are reared together. The rearing of village chickens of different age group together could make the infection within a given flock a permanent phenomenon.[16] Many outbreaks of infectious bursal disease can occur at different localities without any seasonal variation. Vaccination against IBDV is one of the significant components of the control. Time of vaccination, type of vaccine, maternal-derived antibody (MDA) in the chicks, and pathogenicity of IBDV field challenge are important factors that determine the efficacy of IBD vaccination.[21] In practice, outbreaks are still being recorded despite the use of many vaccination schedules and various vaccine strains.[22] Sule et al.[16] put forward that the occurrence of antibodies to infectious bursal virus in village chickens is suggestive of a high viral activity that may have a significant implication in the epidemiology of the disease in commercial poultry which are sometimes reared in close proximity to village chickens, and recommended regular surveillance for infectious bursal disease antibodies as well as examination of the risk factors associated with the disease in village chickens to enable the institution of a suitable control program. Also recommended is vaccination of village chickens to confer protection to susceptible birds.

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in South Eastern Nigeria

403

CONCLUSION IBDV is prevalent in the studied area with Ovwian market having the highest prevalence rate. IBD is therefore endemic in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State. Government should pay more attention to poultry farming in Nigeria by providing extension service to farmers.

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the entire staff of Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza and other Trans-boundary Avian Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, and Plateau State for their assistance during the conducting of this study. REFERENCES 1. Yamaguchi, T.; Setiyono, A.; Kobayashi, M.; Takigami, S.; Fukushi, H.; Hirai, K. Infectious Bursal Disease Live Vaccines: Changes in the Virus Population during Serial Passage in Chickens and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cells. Avian Dis. 2000, 44, 284–290. 2. Ahmad, A.N.; Hussain, I.; Siddique, M.; Mahmood, M.S. Adaptation of Indigenous Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. Pak. Vet. J . 2005, 25(2), 3–5. 3. Castón, J.R.; Rodriguez, J.F.; Carrascosa, J.L. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). In Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology; J.T. Patton, Ed.; Caister Academic Press: London. 2008; http://www.horizonpress.com/rnav 4. Tesfaheywet, Z.; Getnet, F. Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Chickens Managed under Backyard Production System in Central Oromia, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2012, 6(38), 6736–6741. 5. Yip, C-W. Characterization of the Cell Entry Mechanism of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. (unpublished) Ph.D. Thesis, 2010, The University of Hong Kong. 6. Van Den Berg, T.P. Acute Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry: A Review. Avian Pathol. 2000, 29, 175–194. 7. Rautenschlein, S.; Haase, C. Differences in the Immunopathogenesis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Following in Ovo and Post-Hatch Vaccination of Chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005, 106(1–2), 139–150. 8. Lasher, H.N.; Shane, S.M. Infectious Bursal Disease. World’s Poult. Sci. 1994, 50, 133–166. 9. Woldemariam, S.; Wossene, A. Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro): Case Report at Andasa Poultry Farm, Amhara Region. Ethiopian Vet. J . 2007, 1, 152–155. 10. Wu C.C.; Rubinelli, P.; Lin T.L. Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Avian Dis. 2007, 51, 515–526. 11. Hassan, M.K.; Saif, Y.M. Influence of the Host System on the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Avian Dis. 1996, 40, 553–561. 12. Abdel-Alim, G.A.; Saif, Y.M. Pathogenicity of Embryo Adapted Serotype 2 OH Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Chickens and Turkeys. Avian Dis. 2002, 46, 1001–1006. 13. Jackwood, D.J.; Sommer-Wagner, S.E.; Crossley, B.M.; Stoute, S.T.; Woolcock, P.R.; Charlton, B.R. Identification and Pathogenicity of a Natural Reassortant between a Very Virulent Serotype 1 Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and a Serotype 2 IBDV, Virology 2011, 420, 98–105. 14. Kasanga, C.J.; Yamaguchi, T.; Munang’andu, H.M.; Ohya, K.; Fukushi, H. Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Zambia. J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2013, 84(1), Art. #908; http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v84i1.908. 15. Pant, M.; Ambwani, T.; Umapathi, V. Antiviral activity of Ashwagandha extract on Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Replication. Ind. J. Sci. Technol. 2012, 5(5), 2750–2751.

404

J. Abraham-Oyiguh et al.

Downloaded by [Ryerson University] at 11:46 02 December 2014

16. Sule, A. G.; Umoh, J.U.; Abdu, P.A.; Ajogi, J.; Jibrin, U.M.; Tijjani, A.O.; Atsanda, N.N.; Gidado, A.S. A Serological Survey for Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Antibodies among Village Chickens in Yobe State, Nigeria. Int. J. Agricult. Sci. 2013, 3(7), 596–598. 17. Makita, K. Safe Food, Fair Food, Project Coordinator, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). In Côte d’Ivoire. Personal Communication. 2009. 18. Tesfaheywet, Z. Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Non-vaccinated Backyard Local Chickens of East Showa Zone, Akaki, Debrezeit and Adama. DVM Thesis, 2008, FVM, AAU, Ethiopia. 19. Ibrahim, U.I.; Tanya, S.N. Prevalence of Antibodies to Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Village Chickens in Sahel Zone of Nigeria. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. 2001, 49, 150–152. 20. Kelly, P.J.; Daniel, C.; Christopher, R.; John, R.; Aggrey, M.; Frans, D.; Peter, R.M. Diseases and Management of Back Yard Chicken Flock in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Avian Dis. 1994, 38, 626–629. 21. Hair-Bejo, M.; Ng, M.K.; Ng, H.Y. Day Old Vaccination Against Infectious Bursal Disease in Broiler Chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 2004, 3(2), 124–128. 22. Mohammed-Ahmed, B.; Yahia, I.E.; Nora, K.A.; Mohammed, T.E. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in nine Flocks in Khartoum State, Sudan. Sudan J. Vet. Res. 2007, 22, 47–53.

Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus in local chickens in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State, South East Nigeria.

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) poses a great global threat to the poultry industry. Knowledge of the occurrence of the disease is important in...
132KB Sizes 0 Downloads 7 Views