This article was downloaded by: [130.132.123.28] On: 30 December 2014, At: 07:09 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Sports Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20
Conference communications Published online: 14 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: (1991) Conference communications, Journal of Sports Sciences, 9:1, 75-112, DOI: 10.1080/02640419108729856 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419108729856
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sublicensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Journal of Sports Sciences, 1991, 9, 75-112
CONFERENCE COMMUNICATIONS
Sixth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming
Downloaded by [] at 07:09 30 December 2014
Organized by Liverpool Polytechnic and held at the Britannia Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, 7-11 September 1990
An evaluation of the changes in the crawl-stroke technique seen in training daring the swimming season
Raul Arellano1 and Susana Pardillo2 1 INEF, Universidad de Granada, Granada and 2Hospital SAS, Cadiz, Spain In an effort to determine changes in swimming stroke mechanics over the seasonal training period, a study was initiated to evaluate the degree of change following every 'messocycle' in the training season (4-month macrocycle training period). Twenty-two average and high-level swimmers were evaluated after three different training periods. The swimming movements during crawl-stroke were recorded under water and digitized to determine kinematic parameters. The forces generated during a tethered swimming test were sensed using a force transducer. Quantitative parameters measuring stroke length, stroke frequency and average speed over 50 m of crawl-stroke were analysed. Analysis of variance of repeated measures was used to evaluate the changes, being significantly different for time (Tso), average speed (AV) and maximal force during 10 strokes. Significant relationships were found between the tests of tethered swimming and T50 vs AV. The rate of change in technical variables during a training period is different and other more specific systems of technique training are necessary for the slower variables.
Adaptations to interval training at common intensities and different work: rest ratios
A. Barzdukas, P. Franciosi, S. Trappe, C. Letner and J.P. Troup US Swimming International Center for Aquatic Research, 1750 East Boulder Street, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80909, USA Interval training sets are commonly used in competitive swimming programmes. However, when training for 400-m events (110% VO2 max), it is unclear which workrrest ratio is ideal. The purpose of this project was to determine for a major training set of 10 x 100 m freestyle swims at intensities of 110% VO2 max, which work: rest ratio (i.e. 1:2 or 1:5) is most effective in improving performance. Swimmers participated in training for 5 weeks, three times per week with a training regimen having a major set of 10 x 100 m. Yardage beyond the major set for both groups per workout was 3000 yards (2743 m) at 0264-0414/91 $03.00 + .12 © 1991 E. & F.N. Spon Ltd.
76
Conference communications
Downloaded by [] at 07:09 30 December 2014
intensities less than 80% VO2 max. Group 1 (n=8) used a woTk:rest ratio for the workout of 1:2, whereas group 2 (n = 7) used a work : rest of 1 : \. Prior to the start of the training programme and at the end of the 5 weeks, the following tests were administered: 1. A series of four submaximal and one maximal effort swim for determination of the swimming economy profile. From this resulting linear relationship (O2 vs velocity3), extrapolation to 110% VO2 max was made and corresponding velocity selected. The O2 demand was calculated for each 100-m repeat as well as the entire set. 2. A set of 6 x 100 m freestyle swims at the assigned work:rest ratio was carried out in the swimming treadmill. During this time, O2 consumption was measured continuously on-line and accumulated O 2 uptake determined at 10-s increments and O2 deficit calculated. This test was carried out at the same absolute workload at the beginning and end of the training period. Post-set lactate and base excess were measured in both groups. 3. Resting muscle biopsy of the posterior deltoid for enzyme analysis of LDH, PFK and citrate synthase. 4. Determination of velocity and the O2 demand corresponding to 110% VO2 max (400 m race-specific pace). Analysis of variance was carried out to determine differences at the P< 0.05 level. Regression analysis of the economy profiles was also carried out and revealed improvement (P < 0.05) in the 1 : j group only. The O2 demand improved (P
Journal of Sports Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20
Conference communications Published online: 14 Nov 2007.
To cite this article: (1991) Conference communications, Journal of Sports Sciences, 9:1, 75-112, DOI: 10.1080/02640419108729856 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419108729856
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sublicensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Journal of Sports Sciences, 1991, 9, 75-112
CONFERENCE COMMUNICATIONS
Sixth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming
Downloaded by [] at 07:09 30 December 2014
Organized by Liverpool Polytechnic and held at the Britannia Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, 7-11 September 1990
An evaluation of the changes in the crawl-stroke technique seen in training daring the swimming season
Raul Arellano1 and Susana Pardillo2 1 INEF, Universidad de Granada, Granada and 2Hospital SAS, Cadiz, Spain In an effort to determine changes in swimming stroke mechanics over the seasonal training period, a study was initiated to evaluate the degree of change following every 'messocycle' in the training season (4-month macrocycle training period). Twenty-two average and high-level swimmers were evaluated after three different training periods. The swimming movements during crawl-stroke were recorded under water and digitized to determine kinematic parameters. The forces generated during a tethered swimming test were sensed using a force transducer. Quantitative parameters measuring stroke length, stroke frequency and average speed over 50 m of crawl-stroke were analysed. Analysis of variance of repeated measures was used to evaluate the changes, being significantly different for time (Tso), average speed (AV) and maximal force during 10 strokes. Significant relationships were found between the tests of tethered swimming and T50 vs AV. The rate of change in technical variables during a training period is different and other more specific systems of technique training are necessary for the slower variables.
Adaptations to interval training at common intensities and different work: rest ratios
A. Barzdukas, P. Franciosi, S. Trappe, C. Letner and J.P. Troup US Swimming International Center for Aquatic Research, 1750 East Boulder Street, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80909, USA Interval training sets are commonly used in competitive swimming programmes. However, when training for 400-m events (110% VO2 max), it is unclear which workrrest ratio is ideal. The purpose of this project was to determine for a major training set of 10 x 100 m freestyle swims at intensities of 110% VO2 max, which work: rest ratio (i.e. 1:2 or 1:5) is most effective in improving performance. Swimmers participated in training for 5 weeks, three times per week with a training regimen having a major set of 10 x 100 m. Yardage beyond the major set for both groups per workout was 3000 yards (2743 m) at 0264-0414/91 $03.00 + .12 © 1991 E. & F.N. Spon Ltd.
76
Conference communications
Downloaded by [] at 07:09 30 December 2014
intensities less than 80% VO2 max. Group 1 (n=8) used a woTk:rest ratio for the workout of 1:2, whereas group 2 (n = 7) used a work : rest of 1 : \. Prior to the start of the training programme and at the end of the 5 weeks, the following tests were administered: 1. A series of four submaximal and one maximal effort swim for determination of the swimming economy profile. From this resulting linear relationship (O2 vs velocity3), extrapolation to 110% VO2 max was made and corresponding velocity selected. The O2 demand was calculated for each 100-m repeat as well as the entire set. 2. A set of 6 x 100 m freestyle swims at the assigned work:rest ratio was carried out in the swimming treadmill. During this time, O2 consumption was measured continuously on-line and accumulated O 2 uptake determined at 10-s increments and O2 deficit calculated. This test was carried out at the same absolute workload at the beginning and end of the training period. Post-set lactate and base excess were measured in both groups. 3. Resting muscle biopsy of the posterior deltoid for enzyme analysis of LDH, PFK and citrate synthase. 4. Determination of velocity and the O2 demand corresponding to 110% VO2 max (400 m race-specific pace). Analysis of variance was carried out to determine differences at the P< 0.05 level. Regression analysis of the economy profiles was also carried out and revealed improvement (P < 0.05) in the 1 : j group only. The O2 demand improved (P
