Ultrasonics Sonochemistry xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultson
Sonochemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with folate and cisplatin: Effect of ultrasonic frequency Reyman Dolores a,⇑, Serrano Raquel a, Garcia-Leis Adianez b a b
Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Article history: Received 10 October 2013 Received in revised form 2 July 2014 Accepted 11 August 2014 Available online xxxx Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticle Iron oxide Folate Cisplatin Sonochemistry Ultrasonic frequency effect
a b s t r a c t Simple preparative methods were used to sonosynthesize different magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) via co-precipitation of aqueous solutions of ferrous salts in a basic aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (EG). Sonosynthesis was achieved using different frequencies of ultrasound: 581, 861, and 1141 kHz under the same acoustic power. The hydroxyl radicals generated by cavitational collapse, induced by the ultrasonic field, led to the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. The rate of sonochemical Fe3+ production decreased linearly with the frequency. Three different systems of FeNPs were synthesized, all with the same core but a different shell: FeNPs capped with EG (EG/FeNPs), FeNPs capped with EG and folate (Fol/EG/FeNPs), and FeNPs capped with EG, folate and cisplatin (Pt/EG/FeNPs). The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence and Raman microspectroscopy, totalreflection X-ray fluorescence, and elemental analysis (C, N, and H). The magnetization hysteresis loops of these samples were also measured. The obtained values of saturation magnetization were within the interval between 60 and 93 A m2 kg1. From the analysis of these results, it was found that the ultrasonic frequency did not affect the nanoparticle size (diameter of 21–31 nm). In contrast, the frequency affected the amount of drug loaded, as cisplatin loading increased proportionately with ultrasound frequency. Ó 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) have been the subject of great interest and intensive study for biomedical applications, for example as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging [1], hyperthermia agents for anti-cancer strategies [2,3], and magnetic targeted carriers of drugs [4,5]. Our main interest is in the use of FeNPs as magnetic drug delivery systems. The magnetic fluids used in this application are based on magnetite or maghemite nanoparticles dispersed in water. A small size (
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultson
Sonochemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with folate and cisplatin: Effect of ultrasonic frequency Reyman Dolores a,⇑, Serrano Raquel a, Garcia-Leis Adianez b a b
Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 10 October 2013 Received in revised form 2 July 2014 Accepted 11 August 2014 Available online xxxx Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticle Iron oxide Folate Cisplatin Sonochemistry Ultrasonic frequency effect
a b s t r a c t Simple preparative methods were used to sonosynthesize different magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) via co-precipitation of aqueous solutions of ferrous salts in a basic aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (EG). Sonosynthesis was achieved using different frequencies of ultrasound: 581, 861, and 1141 kHz under the same acoustic power. The hydroxyl radicals generated by cavitational collapse, induced by the ultrasonic field, led to the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. The rate of sonochemical Fe3+ production decreased linearly with the frequency. Three different systems of FeNPs were synthesized, all with the same core but a different shell: FeNPs capped with EG (EG/FeNPs), FeNPs capped with EG and folate (Fol/EG/FeNPs), and FeNPs capped with EG, folate and cisplatin (Pt/EG/FeNPs). The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence and Raman microspectroscopy, totalreflection X-ray fluorescence, and elemental analysis (C, N, and H). The magnetization hysteresis loops of these samples were also measured. The obtained values of saturation magnetization were within the interval between 60 and 93 A m2 kg1. From the analysis of these results, it was found that the ultrasonic frequency did not affect the nanoparticle size (diameter of 21–31 nm). In contrast, the frequency affected the amount of drug loaded, as cisplatin loading increased proportionately with ultrasound frequency. Ó 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) have been the subject of great interest and intensive study for biomedical applications, for example as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging [1], hyperthermia agents for anti-cancer strategies [2,3], and magnetic targeted carriers of drugs [4,5]. Our main interest is in the use of FeNPs as magnetic drug delivery systems. The magnetic fluids used in this application are based on magnetite or maghemite nanoparticles dispersed in water. A small size (
