RESEARCH ARTICLE
Spatial characteristics and the epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in five waves from 2013 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China Haocheng Wu1,2☯, XinYi Wang1☯, Ming Xue3, Melanie Xue4, Chen Wu1, Qinbao Lu1, Zheyuan Ding1, Xiaoping Xv1, Junfen Lin1,2*
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1 Zhejiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 2 Key Laboratory for Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 3 Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Province, China, 4 Kingston University UK, London, United Kingdom ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected]
Abstract
Citation: Wu H, Wang X, Xue M, Xue M, Wu C, Lu Q, et al. (2017) Spatial characteristics and the epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in five waves from 2013 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0180763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0180763
The five-wave epidemic of H7N9 in China emerged in the second half of 2016. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological characteristics among the five waves, estimating the possible infected cases and inferring the extent of the possible epidemic in the areas that have not reported cases before.
Editor: Florian Krammer, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, UNITED STATES
Methods
Received: February 17, 2017 Accepted: June 21, 2017 Published: July 27, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was supported by grants from Provincial Medical Research Fund of Zhejiang, China (grant number were 2015RCB008 and 2017KY131). The document in website were http:// www.zjmed.org.cn/previewerlet.do?id= 8DD1BAEA38B99297 and http://www.zjmed.org. cn/previewerlet.do?id=00B32CCF219B843D. The
Background
The data for the H7N9 cases from Zhejiang Province between 2013 and 2017 was obtained from the China Information Network System of Disease Prevention and Control. The start date of each wave was 16 March 2013, 1 July 2013, 1 July 2014, 1 July 2015 and 1 July 2016. The F test or Pearson’s chi-square test were used to compare the characteristics of the five waves. Global and local autocorrelation analysis was carried out to identify spatial autocorrelations. Ordinary kriging interpolation was analyzed to estimate the number of human infections with H7N9 virus and to infer the extent of infections in the areas with no cases reported before.
Result There were 45, 94, 45, 34 and 80 cases identified from the first wave to the fifth, respectively. The death rate was significantly different among the five waves of epidemics (χ2 = 10.784, P = 0.029). The age distribution (F = 0.903, P = 0.462), gender (χ2 = 2.674, P = 0.614) and occupation(χ2 = 19.764, P = 0.407) were similar in each period. Most of the cases were males and farmers. A significant trend (χ2 = 70.328, P
Spatial characteristics and the epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in five waves from 2013 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China Haocheng Wu1,2☯, XinYi Wang1☯, Ming Xue3, Melanie Xue4, Chen Wu1, Qinbao Lu1, Zheyuan Ding1, Xiaoping Xv1, Junfen Lin1,2*
a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111
OPEN ACCESS
1 Zhejiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 2 Key Laboratory for Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 3 Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Province, China, 4 Kingston University UK, London, United Kingdom ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected]
Abstract
Citation: Wu H, Wang X, Xue M, Xue M, Wu C, Lu Q, et al. (2017) Spatial characteristics and the epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in five waves from 2013 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0180763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0180763
The five-wave epidemic of H7N9 in China emerged in the second half of 2016. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological characteristics among the five waves, estimating the possible infected cases and inferring the extent of the possible epidemic in the areas that have not reported cases before.
Editor: Florian Krammer, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, UNITED STATES
Methods
Received: February 17, 2017 Accepted: June 21, 2017 Published: July 27, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was supported by grants from Provincial Medical Research Fund of Zhejiang, China (grant number were 2015RCB008 and 2017KY131). The document in website were http:// www.zjmed.org.cn/previewerlet.do?id= 8DD1BAEA38B99297 and http://www.zjmed.org. cn/previewerlet.do?id=00B32CCF219B843D. The
Background
The data for the H7N9 cases from Zhejiang Province between 2013 and 2017 was obtained from the China Information Network System of Disease Prevention and Control. The start date of each wave was 16 March 2013, 1 July 2013, 1 July 2014, 1 July 2015 and 1 July 2016. The F test or Pearson’s chi-square test were used to compare the characteristics of the five waves. Global and local autocorrelation analysis was carried out to identify spatial autocorrelations. Ordinary kriging interpolation was analyzed to estimate the number of human infections with H7N9 virus and to infer the extent of infections in the areas with no cases reported before.
Result There were 45, 94, 45, 34 and 80 cases identified from the first wave to the fifth, respectively. The death rate was significantly different among the five waves of epidemics (χ2 = 10.784, P = 0.029). The age distribution (F = 0.903, P = 0.462), gender (χ2 = 2.674, P = 0.614) and occupation(χ2 = 19.764, P = 0.407) were similar in each period. Most of the cases were males and farmers. A significant trend (χ2 = 70.328, P
