www.advmat.de www.MaterialsViews.com
EDITORIAL
Synchrotron Light for Materials Science Chunhai Fan,* Jun Hu, and Zhentang Zhao
The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation
Facility (SSRF, or Shanghai Lightsource) is a new third-generation synchrotron radiation source with extremely bright X-rays. SSRF was founded in 2004 and opened for public use in 2009. Since its opening, it has been one of the major players in the synchrotron club.[1,2] At present, SSRF is the biggest scientific platform for R&D in China. It provides invaluable tools for scientists and engineers from universities, institutes, and industry in China and even overseas. The user map shown in Figure 1 clearly reflects its popularity in China. 2014 is the 5-year anniversary for the operation of SSRF, the 10-year anniversary of its foundation. As a celebration, Advanced Materials launched this special issue on “Synchrotron Light for Materials Science”.
Synchrotron radiation is the electro-
magnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially. The most notable property of synchrotron radiation lies in its high brightness and high intensity, which exceed that of conventional X-rays by many orders of magnitude. Synchrotron radiation also features a high level of polarization, wide tunability in energy/wavelength, and pulse light emission at tens of picoseconds. Hence, synchrotron light has a wide range of applications, particularly in materials science, condensed matter physics, biology, and medicine. With the unparalleled properties of synchrotron light, scientists from academia and industry probe material structures at almost all levels ranging from the subnanometer (e.g., electronic structures),
C. Fan, J. Hu, Z. Zhao Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800, China E-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404134
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
Chunhai Fan obtained his B.S. and Ph.D. from the Department of Biochemistry at Nanjing University in 1996 and 2000. After his postdoctoral research at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), he joined the faculty at Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2004. He is now Professor and Chief of the Division of Physical Biology at SINAP and the Center of Bioimaging at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). He is an elected fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE). His research interests are biosensors, bioimaging, and DNA nanotechnology. He was recently recognized as one of the High Cited Researchers in 2014 by Thomson Reuters. Jun Hu received his B.S. from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1987, M.D. in Nuclear Physics in Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics and Ph.D in Biophysics from Fudan University in 1999. From 1989 until now, he has been working at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, and also between 2000 to 2005 as an adjunct Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University. He was appointed as the Deputy Director of SINAP in 2006. His research is focused on the behavior of molecules, including water and biomolecules, on surfaces and interfaces based on scanning probe microscopy and synchrotron techniques. He developed scanning polarization force microscopy and found a new phenomenon, the so called “temperature ice” in 1995, and he is now interested in developing new techniques for single-molecule manipulation and nanobubble imaging. Zhentang Zhao is a research professor of accelerator science and technology at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). After receiving his Ph.D degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, Dr. Zhao worked on the Beijing Electron and Positron Collider (BEPC) operation, as well as its luminosity upgrade program at the Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, from 1990 to 1998. During this period, he worked on LHC accelerator R&D at CERN from 1995 to 1996. Later on he was worked at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) at SINAP as deputy project director and was in charge of the SSRF accelerator design and construction from 1999 to 2009. Since 2002, he has been working at SDUV-FEL and SXFEL as the project director. He has served at KEK-PF, Japan; Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea; the Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Thailand; and LNLS Sirius Accelerator, Brazil, as a member of their International Advisory Committees, and he is a member of ACFA. He became the director of SINAP in 2009 and the director of SSRF in 2010.
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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7685
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EDITORIAL
www.MaterialsViews.com
Figure 1. A user map showing the provincial distribution of users in China (by June 30, 2014). The total user number is 8912, with 20 636 visits. Ningxia province (marked in pink) is the only province that currently does not have users. These users come from 323 institutions, including 157 universities, 110 research institutes, 20 hospitals, and 35 companies. Lower left inset: international user numbers.
nanometer (e.g., nanomaterials), and micrometer to the centimeter scale (e.g. medical imaging).
A synchrotron light source with spe-
cialized electron accelerators produces electromagnetic radiation with a characteristic polarization, and generates frequencies ranging over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. There have been over 70 synchrotron light sources constructed for scientific and technical purposes all over the world, mostly in USA, Europe, and East Asia. There were two synchrotron facilities in mainland China before the establishment of SSRF. The Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) is a first-generation synchrotron light source, which is part of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) that was designed for high-energy physical studies. The National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei hosts a second-generation synchrotron light source, which has an electron storage ring specifically designed to generate synchrotron radiation. The third-generation synchrotron is characteristic of using special magnetic
7686
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insertion devices (e.g., wigglers and undulators), which are placed in the straight sections of the storage ring. Consequently, third-generation light sources typically have much brighter photon beams than previous ones.
SSRF has a storage ring with an energy
of 3.5 GeV, which is the highest of the medium-energy light sources. By taking advantage of insertion devices, SSRF can produce high-brilliance hard X-rays with 5–20 keV photon energy. SSRF produces full-wavelength homochromatic light ranging from the far-infrared to hard X-rays. The total radiation power of SSRF at full strength is about 600 kW, its light flux is over 1015 photons/ (S.10–3 bw), and the light brilliance in the main spectra region is 1017– photons/(S.mm2.mrad2.10–3bw). 1020 Hence, it can offer high spatial resolution, high momentum resolution, and high temporal resolution for scientific research.
A
fter the first-phase construction of SSRF in 2009, it had seven beamlines including macromolecular crystallography, X-ray absorption fine structure
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
(XAFS), hard X-ray microfocus, X-ray imaging, soft X-ray spectromicroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). During the last five years, SSRF has constructed five new beamlines dedicated to studies on protein sciences, and a beamline dubbed “DREAMline” for high-resolution and wide-energy-range photoemission spectroscopy. Two more beamlines for angleresolved and ambient-pressure photon electron spectroscopy are under construction. This year, the Chinese government started to evaluate a proposal for the second-phase construction of SSRF, which comprises 16 new beamlines covering a wide range of techniques and capabilities for materials, physical, and biological studies. In addition, there will be 5 more user-funded beamlines for high-pressure and energy sciences. By taking these into account, SSRF will possess around 40 beamlines by 2020.
In
this special issue, renowned researchers from the main synchrotron centers over the world were invited to contribute review papers on materials studies with synchrotrons. The topics of this thematic issue cover a wide range of
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
www.advmat.de www.MaterialsViews.com
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
papers published in this single issue, covering only a small portion of the important areas in which synchrotrons can play a role.
E
diting this Special Issue for Advanced Materials has been a great honor for us. We appreciate very much the invitation of Dr. Peter Gregory, and kind support
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
from the staff members of Advanced Materials. Our special thanks go to Dr. Duoduo Liang for his continuous support during the preparation of this Special Issue.
EDITORIAL
materials science, including functional materials, biological materials, energy materials, optical materials, and interfacial materials. They reflect cutting-edge research in these areas, demonstrating the power of using advance synchrotron technologies for materials characterization and fabrication. Speaking of these, we feel sorry that we can only have 14
1. X. Hao, H. Jia, Science 2007, 315, 1355. 2. D. Cyranoski, Nature 2009, 459, 16.
wileyonlinelibrary.com
7687
EDITORIAL
Synchrotron Light for Materials Science Chunhai Fan,* Jun Hu, and Zhentang Zhao
The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation
Facility (SSRF, or Shanghai Lightsource) is a new third-generation synchrotron radiation source with extremely bright X-rays. SSRF was founded in 2004 and opened for public use in 2009. Since its opening, it has been one of the major players in the synchrotron club.[1,2] At present, SSRF is the biggest scientific platform for R&D in China. It provides invaluable tools for scientists and engineers from universities, institutes, and industry in China and even overseas. The user map shown in Figure 1 clearly reflects its popularity in China. 2014 is the 5-year anniversary for the operation of SSRF, the 10-year anniversary of its foundation. As a celebration, Advanced Materials launched this special issue on “Synchrotron Light for Materials Science”.
Synchrotron radiation is the electro-
magnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially. The most notable property of synchrotron radiation lies in its high brightness and high intensity, which exceed that of conventional X-rays by many orders of magnitude. Synchrotron radiation also features a high level of polarization, wide tunability in energy/wavelength, and pulse light emission at tens of picoseconds. Hence, synchrotron light has a wide range of applications, particularly in materials science, condensed matter physics, biology, and medicine. With the unparalleled properties of synchrotron light, scientists from academia and industry probe material structures at almost all levels ranging from the subnanometer (e.g., electronic structures),
C. Fan, J. Hu, Z. Zhao Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800, China E-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404134
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
Chunhai Fan obtained his B.S. and Ph.D. from the Department of Biochemistry at Nanjing University in 1996 and 2000. After his postdoctoral research at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), he joined the faculty at Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2004. He is now Professor and Chief of the Division of Physical Biology at SINAP and the Center of Bioimaging at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). He is an elected fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE). His research interests are biosensors, bioimaging, and DNA nanotechnology. He was recently recognized as one of the High Cited Researchers in 2014 by Thomson Reuters. Jun Hu received his B.S. from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1987, M.D. in Nuclear Physics in Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics and Ph.D in Biophysics from Fudan University in 1999. From 1989 until now, he has been working at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, and also between 2000 to 2005 as an adjunct Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University. He was appointed as the Deputy Director of SINAP in 2006. His research is focused on the behavior of molecules, including water and biomolecules, on surfaces and interfaces based on scanning probe microscopy and synchrotron techniques. He developed scanning polarization force microscopy and found a new phenomenon, the so called “temperature ice” in 1995, and he is now interested in developing new techniques for single-molecule manipulation and nanobubble imaging. Zhentang Zhao is a research professor of accelerator science and technology at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). After receiving his Ph.D degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, Dr. Zhao worked on the Beijing Electron and Positron Collider (BEPC) operation, as well as its luminosity upgrade program at the Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, from 1990 to 1998. During this period, he worked on LHC accelerator R&D at CERN from 1995 to 1996. Later on he was worked at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) at SINAP as deputy project director and was in charge of the SSRF accelerator design and construction from 1999 to 2009. Since 2002, he has been working at SDUV-FEL and SXFEL as the project director. He has served at KEK-PF, Japan; Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea; the Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Thailand; and LNLS Sirius Accelerator, Brazil, as a member of their International Advisory Committees, and he is a member of ACFA. He became the director of SINAP in 2009 and the director of SSRF in 2010.
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
wileyonlinelibrary.com
7685
www.advmat.de
EDITORIAL
www.MaterialsViews.com
Figure 1. A user map showing the provincial distribution of users in China (by June 30, 2014). The total user number is 8912, with 20 636 visits. Ningxia province (marked in pink) is the only province that currently does not have users. These users come from 323 institutions, including 157 universities, 110 research institutes, 20 hospitals, and 35 companies. Lower left inset: international user numbers.
nanometer (e.g., nanomaterials), and micrometer to the centimeter scale (e.g. medical imaging).
A synchrotron light source with spe-
cialized electron accelerators produces electromagnetic radiation with a characteristic polarization, and generates frequencies ranging over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. There have been over 70 synchrotron light sources constructed for scientific and technical purposes all over the world, mostly in USA, Europe, and East Asia. There were two synchrotron facilities in mainland China before the establishment of SSRF. The Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) is a first-generation synchrotron light source, which is part of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) that was designed for high-energy physical studies. The National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei hosts a second-generation synchrotron light source, which has an electron storage ring specifically designed to generate synchrotron radiation. The third-generation synchrotron is characteristic of using special magnetic
7686
wileyonlinelibrary.com
insertion devices (e.g., wigglers and undulators), which are placed in the straight sections of the storage ring. Consequently, third-generation light sources typically have much brighter photon beams than previous ones.
SSRF has a storage ring with an energy
of 3.5 GeV, which is the highest of the medium-energy light sources. By taking advantage of insertion devices, SSRF can produce high-brilliance hard X-rays with 5–20 keV photon energy. SSRF produces full-wavelength homochromatic light ranging from the far-infrared to hard X-rays. The total radiation power of SSRF at full strength is about 600 kW, its light flux is over 1015 photons/ (S.10–3 bw), and the light brilliance in the main spectra region is 1017– photons/(S.mm2.mrad2.10–3bw). 1020 Hence, it can offer high spatial resolution, high momentum resolution, and high temporal resolution for scientific research.
A
fter the first-phase construction of SSRF in 2009, it had seven beamlines including macromolecular crystallography, X-ray absorption fine structure
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
(XAFS), hard X-ray microfocus, X-ray imaging, soft X-ray spectromicroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). During the last five years, SSRF has constructed five new beamlines dedicated to studies on protein sciences, and a beamline dubbed “DREAMline” for high-resolution and wide-energy-range photoemission spectroscopy. Two more beamlines for angleresolved and ambient-pressure photon electron spectroscopy are under construction. This year, the Chinese government started to evaluate a proposal for the second-phase construction of SSRF, which comprises 16 new beamlines covering a wide range of techniques and capabilities for materials, physical, and biological studies. In addition, there will be 5 more user-funded beamlines for high-pressure and energy sciences. By taking these into account, SSRF will possess around 40 beamlines by 2020.
In
this special issue, renowned researchers from the main synchrotron centers over the world were invited to contribute review papers on materials studies with synchrotrons. The topics of this thematic issue cover a wide range of
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
www.advmat.de www.MaterialsViews.com
Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 7685–7687
papers published in this single issue, covering only a small portion of the important areas in which synchrotrons can play a role.
E
diting this Special Issue for Advanced Materials has been a great honor for us. We appreciate very much the invitation of Dr. Peter Gregory, and kind support
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
from the staff members of Advanced Materials. Our special thanks go to Dr. Duoduo Liang for his continuous support during the preparation of this Special Issue.
EDITORIAL
materials science, including functional materials, biological materials, energy materials, optical materials, and interfacial materials. They reflect cutting-edge research in these areas, demonstrating the power of using advance synchrotron technologies for materials characterization and fabrication. Speaking of these, we feel sorry that we can only have 14
1. X. Hao, H. Jia, Science 2007, 315, 1355. 2. D. Cyranoski, Nature 2009, 459, 16.
wileyonlinelibrary.com
7687
