Archs oral Bid. Vol. 35. No. I, pp. 79-80. 1990 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
0003-9969/90 $3.00 + 0.00 Copyright Q 1990 Pergamcn Press plc
SHORT COMMUNICATION THE EFFECT OF STANNOUS AND SODIUM FLUORIDE ON CORONAL CARIES, ROOT CARIES AND BONE LOSS IN RICE RATS S. BEIRAGHI, S. ROSEN and F. BECK
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 305 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. (Accepted 6 July 1989)
rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) were divided by littermate into 3 groups of 20 each. The 3 groups received either SnF, (1000 parts/IO6 F), NaF (1000 parts/106) or double-distilled water (control). Test solutions were topically applied to molar teeth, twice daily, for 7 days. All rats were also provided with double-distilled drinking water and diet 2000 ad libitum. Experiments ended after 9 weeks. Alveolar bone loss, rool. and coronal caries were recorded and scored. SnF, significantly reduced bone loss (p < 0.05), but NaF did not. Root caries was significantly different in all 3 groups (p < 0.05). SnF, and NaF both reduced coronal caries significantly 0, < 0.05) in comparison to the control. However, the fluoride groups were not significantly different from each other. SnF, may influence root caries via remineralization and an antimicrobial effect of the stannous ion.
Summary-Sixty
Key words: fluoride, dental caries, bone loss.
into 3 groups of 20 each. These were kept in individual cages with wire mesh bottoms. The animals were not exposed to any exogenous microorganisms. The 3 experimental groups were as follows: group I treated with SnF, (1000 parts/106); group II treated with NaF (1000 parts/lo6 F-); group III given demineralized water. Test solutions were applied topically (15 s/quadrant) twice daily to molar teeth with a saturated cotton-tipped applicator. All rats were given double-distilled, deionized drinking water and diet 2000 ad libitum. Animals were weighed weekly and, after 9 weeks, killed by carbon dioxide inhalation. One mandibular quadrant was scored for coronal caries by the method of Morrison, Rosen and App (1974) and alveolar bone loss and root-surface caries were scored according to the method of Doff et al. (1977a). Data for weight gain, coronal caries, bone loss and root caries were evaluated by analysis of variance and the Newman-Keuls test (Winer, 1971). Mean weight gains at the end of the experiment are given in Table 1; there was no significant difference @ > 0.05) among groups. Mean coronal and root caries and bone loss are also presented in Table 1. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in coronal caries in association with both SnF, and NaF when compared with the control, but the SnF, and NaF groups were not significantly @ > 0.05) different from each other. The incidence of root-surface caries was significantly (p < 0.05) different among all 3 groups. Bone loss was significantly inhibited by SnF, (p < 0.05) but not by NaF. Our findings agree with those of Rosen et al. (1985) and Toth et al. (1986); NaF significantly reduced root-surface caries in the rice rat but was not effective in preventing bone loss. Our previous findings
The use of fluoride ‘has generally contributed to a reduction in the incidence of carious breakdown of erupted human teeth. However, little is known about the relationship between fluoride and either rootsurface caries or periodontal bone loss. Some studies have suggested that topical treatment with fluorides may contribute to the prevention or arrest of root caries in humans and rodents (Jordan and Sumney, 1973; Shannon and Wightman, 1970; Koch et al., 1982; Westcott, Starcke and Shannon, 1975; Rotilie, McDaniel and Rosen, 1977). The anti-cariogenic and anti-plaque properties of stannous fluoride solutions in relation to coronal caries are well documented (Konig, 1959; Tinanoff et al., 1980; Leverett, McHugh and Jensen: 1981; Muhler and Day, 1951; Tinanoff and Camosci, 1980; Tinanoff and Weeks, 1979). Topical application of NaF to the root surface of rice rats may sig,nificantly reduce root surface caries but not bone loss (Rosen, Beck and Beck, 1985; Toth et al., 1986). Leonard et al. (1980) have reported that 10% SnF, applied twice weekly significantly reduces bone loss in the rice rats. A search of literature has not revealed any studies of the effect of SnF, and NaF on bone loss and root caries when used und.er similar conditions in experimental animals. Therefore, we have now sought to compare the effects of topically applied NaF and SnF, on root-surface and coronal caries and on bone loss in the rice rat. These rats harbour a microflora capable of causing root-surface caries (Doff, Rosen and App, 1977a, b). Rice rats (Orysomys palustris) were bred and maintained in the Ohio State University College of Dentistry Animal Facility. They were routinely fed Purina Lab Chow. Sixty rats (sex random), ranging in age from 25 to 35 days, were divided by littermate 79
S. BEIRAGHI et al.
80 Table
1. Mean coronal caries, root-caries rats receivina
topically
and bone-loss scores and weight gain + SE in applied SnF, and NaF
Mean weight Group NaF Demineralized SnF, water (control) Values in brackets
Coronal
Root
caries
caries
Bone loss
6.01 k 0.89 14.1 1.06 + &-2.52 5.2
27.5 + 1.84 29.4 3.25 20.1 f+ 0.81
5.06 f 0.50 9.72 5.91 3.06 + k 0.91
1
are not significantly
different
(Beiraghi et al., 1988) are also consistent with our present results in that SnF, at 1000 parts/lo6 F-, applied twice daily, reduced bone loss in the rice rat. The mechanism responsible for reduced bone loss by SnF, is not well understood; it has been suggested that the stannous ion may provide an anti-plaque property which subsequently prevents bone loss or root caries (Svatun et al., 1977). Stannous fluoride is reported to be the most effective fluoride agent some known periodontopathic microagainst organisms (Yoon et al., 1979). Root caries appears only after cementum is exposed (Newbrun, 1980) and loss of epithelial attachment is all that is needed for such exposure, but loss of alveolar bone makes more of the root susceptible to caries and leads to a higher rootsurface caries score. As NaF reduced root-surface caries but not bone loss, SnF, may act both through remineralization and a broader anti-microbial effect. REFERENCES Beiraghi S., Rosen S., Wright R., Spuller R. and Beck F. (1988) Effect of stannous fluoride and iodine on root caries and bone loss in rats. Ohio J. Sci. 88, 99-100. Doff R., Rosen S. and App G. (1977a) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats II: a method for quantitative scoring. J. dent. Res. 50, 1013-1016. Doff R., Rosen S. and App G. (1977b) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats II: quantitation of lesions induced by high sucrose diet. J. denf. Res. 56, 1111~1114. Jordan H. and Sumney D. (1973) Root surface caries, review of the literature and significance of the problem. J. Periodont. 44, 1588163. Keyes P. (1958) Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats. A method of diagnosing and scoring several types of lesions simultaneously. J. denf. Res. 37, 108881099. Koch Cl., Petersen L., Kling E. and Kling L. (1982) Effect of 250 and 1000 ppm fluoride dentifrice on caries. Swed. dent. J. 6, 233-238. Konig K. (1959) Dental caries and plaque accumulation in rats treated with stannous fluoride and penicillin. Hell?. Odont. Acta 3, 3944. Leonard E., Reese W., Benson C. and Cecil C. (1980) Decreased alveolar bone resorption in rice rats treated
gain
1
(g) 32.4 k 4.04 35.6 22.5 k+ 3.32 3.60
1
(p > 0.05).
with chlorohexidine and stannous fluoride. J. periodont. Res. 15, 650654. Leverett D., McHugh W. and Jensen 0. (1981) The effect of daily mouth-rinsing with stannous fluoride on dental plaque and gingivitis-four month results. J. dent. Res. 60, 781-784. Morrison D., Rosen S. and App G. (1974) Effect of 2% chlorohexidine gluconate on alveolar resorption and caries in rice rats. J. dent. Res. 53, 124, abstr. No. 279. Muhler J. and Day H. (1951) Effect of stannous fluoride in food and in drinking water on caries prevention in rats on high sucrose and coarse corn diets. J. NUW. 44, 413421. Newbrun E. (1980) Cariology, 2nd edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. Rosen S., Beck F. and Beck E. (1985) Inhibition of root surface caries in rice rats: use of sodium fluoride dentifrice. J. dent. Res. 64, 904905. Rotilie J., McDaniel T. and Rosen S. (1977) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats III: inhibition of root surface caries by fluoride. J. denf. Res. 56, 1408. Shannon I. and Wightman J. (1970) Treatment of root surfaces with a combination of acidulated phosphofluoride and stannous fluoride. J. dent. Am. 28, 1417. Svatun B., Gjermo P., Eriksen H. and Rolla G. (1977) A comparison of the plaque inhibiting effect of stannous fluoride and chlorohexidine. Acta odont. stand. 35, 247-250. Tinanoff N. and Weeks D. (1979) Current status of SnF, as an antiplaque agent. Pedr. Dem. I, 199-204. Tinanoff N. and Camosci D. (1980) Microbiological, ultrastructural and spectroscopic analysis of the anti-tooth plaque properties of fluoride compounds in oitro. Archs oral Biol. 25, 531-543. Tinanoff N., Hock J., Camosci D. and Hellden L. (1980) Effect of stannous fluoride mouthrinse on dental plaque formation. J. clin. Periodont. 7, 2322241. Toth A.. Beck F.. Beck E.. Flaxman N. and Rosen S. (1986) Effect’ of antimicrobial agents on root surface caries, alveolar bone loss and microflora in rice rats. J. dent. Res. 65, 695697. Westcott W., Starcke E. and Shannon I. (1975) Chemical protection against post-irradiation dental caries. Oral Surg. 40, 7099719. Winer B. (1971) Sfarisrical Principles in Experimemal Design. McGraw-Hill, New York. Yoon N., Newman M., Woolf S. and Carlton D. (1979) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides melaninagenicus subspecies to topical fluorides. J. denf. Res. 20, abstr. No. 767.
0003-9969/90 $3.00 + 0.00 Copyright Q 1990 Pergamcn Press plc
SHORT COMMUNICATION THE EFFECT OF STANNOUS AND SODIUM FLUORIDE ON CORONAL CARIES, ROOT CARIES AND BONE LOSS IN RICE RATS S. BEIRAGHI, S. ROSEN and F. BECK
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 305 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. (Accepted 6 July 1989)
rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) were divided by littermate into 3 groups of 20 each. The 3 groups received either SnF, (1000 parts/IO6 F), NaF (1000 parts/106) or double-distilled water (control). Test solutions were topically applied to molar teeth, twice daily, for 7 days. All rats were also provided with double-distilled drinking water and diet 2000 ad libitum. Experiments ended after 9 weeks. Alveolar bone loss, rool. and coronal caries were recorded and scored. SnF, significantly reduced bone loss (p < 0.05), but NaF did not. Root caries was significantly different in all 3 groups (p < 0.05). SnF, and NaF both reduced coronal caries significantly 0, < 0.05) in comparison to the control. However, the fluoride groups were not significantly different from each other. SnF, may influence root caries via remineralization and an antimicrobial effect of the stannous ion.
Summary-Sixty
Key words: fluoride, dental caries, bone loss.
into 3 groups of 20 each. These were kept in individual cages with wire mesh bottoms. The animals were not exposed to any exogenous microorganisms. The 3 experimental groups were as follows: group I treated with SnF, (1000 parts/106); group II treated with NaF (1000 parts/lo6 F-); group III given demineralized water. Test solutions were applied topically (15 s/quadrant) twice daily to molar teeth with a saturated cotton-tipped applicator. All rats were given double-distilled, deionized drinking water and diet 2000 ad libitum. Animals were weighed weekly and, after 9 weeks, killed by carbon dioxide inhalation. One mandibular quadrant was scored for coronal caries by the method of Morrison, Rosen and App (1974) and alveolar bone loss and root-surface caries were scored according to the method of Doff et al. (1977a). Data for weight gain, coronal caries, bone loss and root caries were evaluated by analysis of variance and the Newman-Keuls test (Winer, 1971). Mean weight gains at the end of the experiment are given in Table 1; there was no significant difference @ > 0.05) among groups. Mean coronal and root caries and bone loss are also presented in Table 1. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in coronal caries in association with both SnF, and NaF when compared with the control, but the SnF, and NaF groups were not significantly @ > 0.05) different from each other. The incidence of root-surface caries was significantly (p < 0.05) different among all 3 groups. Bone loss was significantly inhibited by SnF, (p < 0.05) but not by NaF. Our findings agree with those of Rosen et al. (1985) and Toth et al. (1986); NaF significantly reduced root-surface caries in the rice rat but was not effective in preventing bone loss. Our previous findings
The use of fluoride ‘has generally contributed to a reduction in the incidence of carious breakdown of erupted human teeth. However, little is known about the relationship between fluoride and either rootsurface caries or periodontal bone loss. Some studies have suggested that topical treatment with fluorides may contribute to the prevention or arrest of root caries in humans and rodents (Jordan and Sumney, 1973; Shannon and Wightman, 1970; Koch et al., 1982; Westcott, Starcke and Shannon, 1975; Rotilie, McDaniel and Rosen, 1977). The anti-cariogenic and anti-plaque properties of stannous fluoride solutions in relation to coronal caries are well documented (Konig, 1959; Tinanoff et al., 1980; Leverett, McHugh and Jensen: 1981; Muhler and Day, 1951; Tinanoff and Camosci, 1980; Tinanoff and Weeks, 1979). Topical application of NaF to the root surface of rice rats may sig,nificantly reduce root surface caries but not bone loss (Rosen, Beck and Beck, 1985; Toth et al., 1986). Leonard et al. (1980) have reported that 10% SnF, applied twice weekly significantly reduces bone loss in the rice rats. A search of literature has not revealed any studies of the effect of SnF, and NaF on bone loss and root caries when used und.er similar conditions in experimental animals. Therefore, we have now sought to compare the effects of topically applied NaF and SnF, on root-surface and coronal caries and on bone loss in the rice rat. These rats harbour a microflora capable of causing root-surface caries (Doff, Rosen and App, 1977a, b). Rice rats (Orysomys palustris) were bred and maintained in the Ohio State University College of Dentistry Animal Facility. They were routinely fed Purina Lab Chow. Sixty rats (sex random), ranging in age from 25 to 35 days, were divided by littermate 79
S. BEIRAGHI et al.
80 Table
1. Mean coronal caries, root-caries rats receivina
topically
and bone-loss scores and weight gain + SE in applied SnF, and NaF
Mean weight Group NaF Demineralized SnF, water (control) Values in brackets
Coronal
Root
caries
caries
Bone loss
6.01 k 0.89 14.1 1.06 + &-2.52 5.2
27.5 + 1.84 29.4 3.25 20.1 f+ 0.81
5.06 f 0.50 9.72 5.91 3.06 + k 0.91
1
are not significantly
different
(Beiraghi et al., 1988) are also consistent with our present results in that SnF, at 1000 parts/lo6 F-, applied twice daily, reduced bone loss in the rice rat. The mechanism responsible for reduced bone loss by SnF, is not well understood; it has been suggested that the stannous ion may provide an anti-plaque property which subsequently prevents bone loss or root caries (Svatun et al., 1977). Stannous fluoride is reported to be the most effective fluoride agent some known periodontopathic microagainst organisms (Yoon et al., 1979). Root caries appears only after cementum is exposed (Newbrun, 1980) and loss of epithelial attachment is all that is needed for such exposure, but loss of alveolar bone makes more of the root susceptible to caries and leads to a higher rootsurface caries score. As NaF reduced root-surface caries but not bone loss, SnF, may act both through remineralization and a broader anti-microbial effect. REFERENCES Beiraghi S., Rosen S., Wright R., Spuller R. and Beck F. (1988) Effect of stannous fluoride and iodine on root caries and bone loss in rats. Ohio J. Sci. 88, 99-100. Doff R., Rosen S. and App G. (1977a) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats II: a method for quantitative scoring. J. dent. Res. 50, 1013-1016. Doff R., Rosen S. and App G. (1977b) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats II: quantitation of lesions induced by high sucrose diet. J. denf. Res. 56, 1111~1114. Jordan H. and Sumney D. (1973) Root surface caries, review of the literature and significance of the problem. J. Periodont. 44, 1588163. Keyes P. (1958) Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats. A method of diagnosing and scoring several types of lesions simultaneously. J. denf. Res. 37, 108881099. Koch Cl., Petersen L., Kling E. and Kling L. (1982) Effect of 250 and 1000 ppm fluoride dentifrice on caries. Swed. dent. J. 6, 233-238. Konig K. (1959) Dental caries and plaque accumulation in rats treated with stannous fluoride and penicillin. Hell?. Odont. Acta 3, 3944. Leonard E., Reese W., Benson C. and Cecil C. (1980) Decreased alveolar bone resorption in rice rats treated
gain
1
(g) 32.4 k 4.04 35.6 22.5 k+ 3.32 3.60
1
(p > 0.05).
with chlorohexidine and stannous fluoride. J. periodont. Res. 15, 650654. Leverett D., McHugh W. and Jensen 0. (1981) The effect of daily mouth-rinsing with stannous fluoride on dental plaque and gingivitis-four month results. J. dent. Res. 60, 781-784. Morrison D., Rosen S. and App G. (1974) Effect of 2% chlorohexidine gluconate on alveolar resorption and caries in rice rats. J. dent. Res. 53, 124, abstr. No. 279. Muhler J. and Day H. (1951) Effect of stannous fluoride in food and in drinking water on caries prevention in rats on high sucrose and coarse corn diets. J. NUW. 44, 413421. Newbrun E. (1980) Cariology, 2nd edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. Rosen S., Beck F. and Beck E. (1985) Inhibition of root surface caries in rice rats: use of sodium fluoride dentifrice. J. dent. Res. 64, 904905. Rotilie J., McDaniel T. and Rosen S. (1977) Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats III: inhibition of root surface caries by fluoride. J. denf. Res. 56, 1408. Shannon I. and Wightman J. (1970) Treatment of root surfaces with a combination of acidulated phosphofluoride and stannous fluoride. J. dent. Am. 28, 1417. Svatun B., Gjermo P., Eriksen H. and Rolla G. (1977) A comparison of the plaque inhibiting effect of stannous fluoride and chlorohexidine. Acta odont. stand. 35, 247-250. Tinanoff N. and Weeks D. (1979) Current status of SnF, as an antiplaque agent. Pedr. Dem. I, 199-204. Tinanoff N. and Camosci D. (1980) Microbiological, ultrastructural and spectroscopic analysis of the anti-tooth plaque properties of fluoride compounds in oitro. Archs oral Biol. 25, 531-543. Tinanoff N., Hock J., Camosci D. and Hellden L. (1980) Effect of stannous fluoride mouthrinse on dental plaque formation. J. clin. Periodont. 7, 2322241. Toth A.. Beck F.. Beck E.. Flaxman N. and Rosen S. (1986) Effect’ of antimicrobial agents on root surface caries, alveolar bone loss and microflora in rice rats. J. dent. Res. 65, 695697. Westcott W., Starcke E. and Shannon I. (1975) Chemical protection against post-irradiation dental caries. Oral Surg. 40, 7099719. Winer B. (1971) Sfarisrical Principles in Experimemal Design. McGraw-Hill, New York. Yoon N., Newman M., Woolf S. and Carlton D. (1979) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides melaninagenicus subspecies to topical fluorides. J. denf. Res. 20, abstr. No. 767.
