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Hospital Topics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vhos20
The Life Expectancy of Anti-Static Textiles a
Nathan L. Belkin & Dr. Michael J. Williams Ph.D. a
b
division of Superior , Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. , Huntington, New York, USA
b
Department of Textiles, Clothing and Footwear , Ontario Research Foundation , Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada Published online: 13 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Nathan L. Belkin & Dr. Michael J. Williams Ph.D. (1977) The Life Expectancy of Anti-Static Textiles, Hospital Topics, 55:1, 52-55, DOI: 10.1080/00185868.1977.9950376 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1977.9950376
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
The Life Expectancy Of Anti-Static Textiles
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
bY Nathan L. Belkin and Michael J. Williams, Ph.5. Nathan L. Belkin is Vice-president of Research and Development for Fashion Seal Uniforms, division of Superior Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. Huntington, New York. Dr. Michael J. Williams is Assistant Director, Department of Textiles, Clothing and Footwear, Ontario Research Foundation, Sherldan Park, Ontario, Canada and is a member of the NFPA 56A Sectional Committee on Anesthetizing Agents.
Objectives
T
he purpose of this study was to determine the comparative capabilities of cotton and various polyesterkotton blends to accumulate electrostatic charges when new, and then to show the effect of repeated laundering and sterilization cycles on these electrostatic properties.
The Hazard Of Static Electricity The use of flammable anesthetic agents such as ether and cyclopropane emphasizes the importance of making hospital operating and emergency rooms as safe as possible. As a result of this potential fire/explosion hazard, the use of ether and cyclopropane is gradually declining in favour of nonflammable anesthetics like halothane and nitrous oxide. Unfortunately, there is some doubt as to the safety of these alternative^.'^^^^^ For example, it has been reported that learning and motor skills are reduced by exposure to trace concentrations of these g a s e ~ .A~ more recent investigation has concluded that exposure to small amounts of halothane may be deleteriow6 The study also states that prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide has a depressant effecton the bone marrow. Even though there have been relatively few authenticated reports of static electrification as the prime cause of accidents in operating rooms, the fact that localized regions of flammable gases can 52
be present creates a potential hazard that requires appropriate cautionary measure^.^ It has been remarked that. . .“safe patient care is possible when everyone is habitually aware of the three factors that combine to cause the explosions: a flammable gas, an ignition and careles~ness.”~ Specific preventive measures are taken to eliminate sources of ignition that lead to fire or an explosion. These measures include controlling relative humidity and the use of conductive flooring, explosion proof switches, antistatic plastics and textiles, and conductive footwear.’ In an attempt to eliminate the hazard of static ignition by preventing the build-up of static electricity, the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) has established performance standards for such items as conductive floors, conductive footwear and textiles in their Code 56A Standard for the Use of Inhalation Anesthetics. The requirements of the Code have been established by the Committee on Hospital’s Sectional Committee on Anesthetizing Agents. Section 4663 of the Code provides two test methods by which a textile can qualify as antistatic. The first involves assessing the rate of charge decay and the second involves surface resistivity. A textile need only pass one of these tests in order to qualify as safe for use, but it is expected to maintain this antistatic capability throughout its specified lfe.8
Controlling Static In Textiles The usual methods of controlling static electncity in textiles rely on the presence of moisture. Thus, inherently hydmphilic materials such as cotton and rayon, under suitable environmental conditions, will be sufficiently conductive to be considered antistatic in n a t ~ r e .Any ~ finish whether permanent or temporary will tend to modify the ability of a fiber or fabric to absorb moisture. This phenomenon can be utilized to improve the electrostatic properties of certain blends of materials.1o An alternative method for controlling static charge accumulation in a textile, not dependent on moisture, is the incorporation of a small percentage of fine metal fibers into the yarn.” Ability to HOSPITAL TOPICS
dissipate electrostatic charges is achieved even though these fibers fail to provide a continuous electrical path. It is theorized that they act as dipoles interacting with the electrostatic fields of the trapped charges thus tending to promote delocalization through a smearing of the fields. The utilization of stainless steel fibers in a fabric is usually found in a blend of 65% polyester, 34Yo cotton with the remaining 1% representing the metal content. (See Figure 1). The queston of interest here is the length of time these materials - 50/50 blend, residno-resin, blend plus stainless steel fibers, etc. - are safe for use in areas where flammable anesthestics are used. Specifically, what happens to the level of antistatic protection through repeated laundering and sterilizaton cycles?
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
Fabrics Examined Five fabrics were studied: All cotton sheeting, weight 2.65 yards per pound, (6.1 oz. per square yard), without resin finish Blend of 5Wo Polyester/SWo Cotton, Type 128 muslin quality, with non-resinous finish Blend of 507'0 Polyester/SWo Combed Cotton, Type 180 percale, with non-resinous finish Blend of 65% Polyester/35% Combed Cotton Poplin, 5.25 oz. per square yard, with resin finish Blend of 65% Polyester/34% Combed Cotton, 1%Stainless Steel, 5.25 oz. per square yard FIGURE I Microradiograph of a new piece of the fabric blend qf 65% Polyesrer/34% Eombed mtton/l% stainless steel which shows the stainless steel fibersas a dark network.
Laun&red Fabric IOX Magnification FIGURE2 Microradiographof the stainless steel bearingfabric qfter multiple laundering and sterilization processes, demonstrates the conjirmedpresenceof the metalfibers
Test Methods and Discussion of Results All the fabrics were laundered and sterilized in a large metropolitan hospital. They were not handled in any special manner but were processed simultaneously with other surgical linens. The laundering procedure was as follows: Time Temp.(F) 1)Cold Flush 2min. 110 2) Medium Temperature Flush 2min. 130 3) Alkali-OrthosilicateSoap 10 min. 160 4) Rinse 2min. 180 5) Extract 1 min. 6) Rinse 2min. 160 7) Extract 1 min. 8) Split Rinse 2 min. 5 min. Cold 9) Softener*, Bacteriostat and Sour 10) Extract 12 min. *Although softeners have been known to reduce a fabric's static producing capabilities, no attempt was made to remove any residue fiom the fabric before testing. The fabrics were all tumbled dried in a steam tumbler and then sterilizedat 270°F for 27 minutes at 30 psi.
New Fabric IOX Magn&atMn
JANUARYIFEBRUARY 1977
Static propensity measuremefits were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the NFPA Code 56A Section 4663. Fabrics were tested for surface resistivity after 5, 10 and 25 laundering and sterilization cycles and for static decay after 5, 10, 25 and 50 laundering and sterilization cycles. (Sufficient samples were not available to complete surface resistivity measurements after 50 cycles.) Table I illustrates the results of the surface resistivity tests. Although none of the fabrics tested 53
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
A
B
C
D
E
F A B R I C S TABLEI Surface resistivity in OhmsBquare X 10” at 50% R.H. and 70°F. Readings offabrics recorded after 5,10 and 25 laundering and sterilizing cycles.
TABLE I1 Dissipation time in Seeoncis at 50% R.H. and 700F. Readingsof fabria recorded qfter S, 10, 25 and 50 laundering and sterilizing cycles.
54
F A B R I C S
HOSPITAL TOPICS
were appreciably affected by 25 laundering and sterilization cycles, only one - Fabric E (Blend of 65% Polyester/34% Combed Cotton and 1% Stainless Steel) - was within the 1 X 10" ohms requirement of the NFPA Code. Table I1 reflects the results for static decay tests (dissipation time) in seconds. I t is interesting to note that the ability of some of the fabrics to dissipate a static charge improved with the increase in laundering/sterilization cycles. However, only the stainless steel content fabric was continuously within the limitation of the second limitation established by the NFPA Code.
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
Conclusion One might expect to find a significant change in the blend ration of cotton to polyester after numerous launderings and sterilizations. If, in fact, this change did take place, it did not appreciably effect the conductive characteristics of any of the fabrics tested. I t is to be noted that the performance of several of the blends examined exceeded that of all cotton both for surface resistivity and static decay. These tests confirm the findings of other^.'^^'^^ l4 The tests described were performed by the Ontario Research Foundation, Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada and supported by a grant from Fashion Seal Uniforms, a division of Superior Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. Huntington, N. Y.
REFERENCES 1. Hazards in the eratin Room, AORN Journal, November 1975, No. p. 824. 2. Milliken, R.A., MD, Milliken, G.M., and Marshall, BJ.,
Val%, 5,
3. 4. 5.
6.
10. 11. 12. 13.
14. 15.
O.R. Pollution Can Have Adverse Effect on Safety, Hospitals, JAHA, September 1, 1976, Vol. 50, No. 17, pp. 97- 104. Owens, I.E., Evaluation of Electrostatic Hazards in the Operating Room, Technical Symposium, International Non-Woven and Disposables Assn., March, 1974. Hodler, M.L. Sr., Sur ical Technology, Basis for Clinical Practice, C.V. Mosby,!% Louis, 1974, p. 42. ASA Convention Report, The Surgical Team, Vol. 3, No.6, November/December 1974, p. AS/S. Campbell, M.B. and York, T.E., Chronic Exposure to Anesthetic Gases and Vapors in the Atmosphere of an OR, Southern Hospitals, Vol. 43, No. 5, May, 1975, p. 17. Ballinger, W.F., Treybd, J.C., Vow, A.B., Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery, pp. 90-91, C.V. Mosby, St. Lows, 1972. Standard for the Use of Inhalation Anesthetics - 1973, NFPA 56A National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass. Thompson, Robert E., Static Electricity - Causes and Controls, AORN Journal, Vol. 12, October 1970, pp. 81-83. Ibid, No. 9. Ibid, No. 9. Lyttle, David A., Static Control Systems: Safeguards Operating Room Staff, Institutional Laundry, February 1970. Williams, MA, Lawson, D.R., and Staples, M.L., Can Cotton/Polyester Blends Safely Replace Cottons in Hospitals? Hospital Administration in Canada, May, 1971. Rlzzo, Frank I., Electrostatic Phenomena in Textile and Clothing Systems, U.S. Army Technical Report 74-2 CE Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass., October, 1973, p. 19. Trace Anesthetics and Psychological Performance, AORN Journal, November 1976, Vol. 24, No. 5, p, 1001.
JANUARYIFEBRUARY 1977
0
n
The Burdick Corporation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Cambridge Scientific Industries
. . . . . . . .. 5 1
......... .3rd Cover Green 8 Kellogg Inc.. ................. - 1 3 Heelbo Corporation. .................. . 4 3 Fashion Seal Uniforms.
Inhalation Therapy Services, Inc.. Johnson W a x . .
........
.......................
2 11
The Kendall Company. ......... .2nd Cover
. . . . . . . . 6 and 7 J.T. Posey Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Principle Business Enterprises, Inc. . . . . . . 55 Smith Et Underwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3MCompany ......................... 17 Kimberly-Clark Corporation.
............. 5 . . . . . . . . . . 4 t h Cover
Union Carbide Corporation Winthrop Laboratories
55
Hospital Topics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vhos20
The Life Expectancy of Anti-Static Textiles a
Nathan L. Belkin & Dr. Michael J. Williams Ph.D. a
b
division of Superior , Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. , Huntington, New York, USA
b
Department of Textiles, Clothing and Footwear , Ontario Research Foundation , Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada Published online: 13 Jul 2010.
To cite this article: Nathan L. Belkin & Dr. Michael J. Williams Ph.D. (1977) The Life Expectancy of Anti-Static Textiles, Hospital Topics, 55:1, 52-55, DOI: 10.1080/00185868.1977.9950376 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1977.9950376
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
The Life Expectancy Of Anti-Static Textiles
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
bY Nathan L. Belkin and Michael J. Williams, Ph.5. Nathan L. Belkin is Vice-president of Research and Development for Fashion Seal Uniforms, division of Superior Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. Huntington, New York. Dr. Michael J. Williams is Assistant Director, Department of Textiles, Clothing and Footwear, Ontario Research Foundation, Sherldan Park, Ontario, Canada and is a member of the NFPA 56A Sectional Committee on Anesthetizing Agents.
Objectives
T
he purpose of this study was to determine the comparative capabilities of cotton and various polyesterkotton blends to accumulate electrostatic charges when new, and then to show the effect of repeated laundering and sterilization cycles on these electrostatic properties.
The Hazard Of Static Electricity The use of flammable anesthetic agents such as ether and cyclopropane emphasizes the importance of making hospital operating and emergency rooms as safe as possible. As a result of this potential fire/explosion hazard, the use of ether and cyclopropane is gradually declining in favour of nonflammable anesthetics like halothane and nitrous oxide. Unfortunately, there is some doubt as to the safety of these alternative^.'^^^^^ For example, it has been reported that learning and motor skills are reduced by exposure to trace concentrations of these g a s e ~ .A~ more recent investigation has concluded that exposure to small amounts of halothane may be deleteriow6 The study also states that prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide has a depressant effecton the bone marrow. Even though there have been relatively few authenticated reports of static electrification as the prime cause of accidents in operating rooms, the fact that localized regions of flammable gases can 52
be present creates a potential hazard that requires appropriate cautionary measure^.^ It has been remarked that. . .“safe patient care is possible when everyone is habitually aware of the three factors that combine to cause the explosions: a flammable gas, an ignition and careles~ness.”~ Specific preventive measures are taken to eliminate sources of ignition that lead to fire or an explosion. These measures include controlling relative humidity and the use of conductive flooring, explosion proof switches, antistatic plastics and textiles, and conductive footwear.’ In an attempt to eliminate the hazard of static ignition by preventing the build-up of static electricity, the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) has established performance standards for such items as conductive floors, conductive footwear and textiles in their Code 56A Standard for the Use of Inhalation Anesthetics. The requirements of the Code have been established by the Committee on Hospital’s Sectional Committee on Anesthetizing Agents. Section 4663 of the Code provides two test methods by which a textile can qualify as antistatic. The first involves assessing the rate of charge decay and the second involves surface resistivity. A textile need only pass one of these tests in order to qualify as safe for use, but it is expected to maintain this antistatic capability throughout its specified lfe.8
Controlling Static In Textiles The usual methods of controlling static electncity in textiles rely on the presence of moisture. Thus, inherently hydmphilic materials such as cotton and rayon, under suitable environmental conditions, will be sufficiently conductive to be considered antistatic in n a t ~ r e .Any ~ finish whether permanent or temporary will tend to modify the ability of a fiber or fabric to absorb moisture. This phenomenon can be utilized to improve the electrostatic properties of certain blends of materials.1o An alternative method for controlling static charge accumulation in a textile, not dependent on moisture, is the incorporation of a small percentage of fine metal fibers into the yarn.” Ability to HOSPITAL TOPICS
dissipate electrostatic charges is achieved even though these fibers fail to provide a continuous electrical path. It is theorized that they act as dipoles interacting with the electrostatic fields of the trapped charges thus tending to promote delocalization through a smearing of the fields. The utilization of stainless steel fibers in a fabric is usually found in a blend of 65% polyester, 34Yo cotton with the remaining 1% representing the metal content. (See Figure 1). The queston of interest here is the length of time these materials - 50/50 blend, residno-resin, blend plus stainless steel fibers, etc. - are safe for use in areas where flammable anesthestics are used. Specifically, what happens to the level of antistatic protection through repeated laundering and sterilizaton cycles?
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
Fabrics Examined Five fabrics were studied: All cotton sheeting, weight 2.65 yards per pound, (6.1 oz. per square yard), without resin finish Blend of 5Wo Polyester/SWo Cotton, Type 128 muslin quality, with non-resinous finish Blend of 507'0 Polyester/SWo Combed Cotton, Type 180 percale, with non-resinous finish Blend of 65% Polyester/35% Combed Cotton Poplin, 5.25 oz. per square yard, with resin finish Blend of 65% Polyester/34% Combed Cotton, 1%Stainless Steel, 5.25 oz. per square yard FIGURE I Microradiograph of a new piece of the fabric blend qf 65% Polyesrer/34% Eombed mtton/l% stainless steel which shows the stainless steel fibersas a dark network.
Laun&red Fabric IOX Magnification FIGURE2 Microradiographof the stainless steel bearingfabric qfter multiple laundering and sterilization processes, demonstrates the conjirmedpresenceof the metalfibers
Test Methods and Discussion of Results All the fabrics were laundered and sterilized in a large metropolitan hospital. They were not handled in any special manner but were processed simultaneously with other surgical linens. The laundering procedure was as follows: Time Temp.(F) 1)Cold Flush 2min. 110 2) Medium Temperature Flush 2min. 130 3) Alkali-OrthosilicateSoap 10 min. 160 4) Rinse 2min. 180 5) Extract 1 min. 6) Rinse 2min. 160 7) Extract 1 min. 8) Split Rinse 2 min. 5 min. Cold 9) Softener*, Bacteriostat and Sour 10) Extract 12 min. *Although softeners have been known to reduce a fabric's static producing capabilities, no attempt was made to remove any residue fiom the fabric before testing. The fabrics were all tumbled dried in a steam tumbler and then sterilizedat 270°F for 27 minutes at 30 psi.
New Fabric IOX Magn&atMn
JANUARYIFEBRUARY 1977
Static propensity measuremefits were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the NFPA Code 56A Section 4663. Fabrics were tested for surface resistivity after 5, 10 and 25 laundering and sterilization cycles and for static decay after 5, 10, 25 and 50 laundering and sterilization cycles. (Sufficient samples were not available to complete surface resistivity measurements after 50 cycles.) Table I illustrates the results of the surface resistivity tests. Although none of the fabrics tested 53
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
A
B
C
D
E
F A B R I C S TABLEI Surface resistivity in OhmsBquare X 10” at 50% R.H. and 70°F. Readings offabrics recorded after 5,10 and 25 laundering and sterilizing cycles.
TABLE I1 Dissipation time in Seeoncis at 50% R.H. and 700F. Readingsof fabria recorded qfter S, 10, 25 and 50 laundering and sterilizing cycles.
54
F A B R I C S
HOSPITAL TOPICS
were appreciably affected by 25 laundering and sterilization cycles, only one - Fabric E (Blend of 65% Polyester/34% Combed Cotton and 1% Stainless Steel) - was within the 1 X 10" ohms requirement of the NFPA Code. Table I1 reflects the results for static decay tests (dissipation time) in seconds. I t is interesting to note that the ability of some of the fabrics to dissipate a static charge improved with the increase in laundering/sterilization cycles. However, only the stainless steel content fabric was continuously within the limitation of the second limitation established by the NFPA Code.
Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 05:47 12 March 2015
Conclusion One might expect to find a significant change in the blend ration of cotton to polyester after numerous launderings and sterilizations. If, in fact, this change did take place, it did not appreciably effect the conductive characteristics of any of the fabrics tested. I t is to be noted that the performance of several of the blends examined exceeded that of all cotton both for surface resistivity and static decay. These tests confirm the findings of other^.'^^'^^ l4 The tests described were performed by the Ontario Research Foundation, Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada and supported by a grant from Fashion Seal Uniforms, a division of Superior Surgical Mfg. Co., Inc. Huntington, N. Y.
REFERENCES 1. Hazards in the eratin Room, AORN Journal, November 1975, No. p. 824. 2. Milliken, R.A., MD, Milliken, G.M., and Marshall, BJ.,
Val%, 5,
3. 4. 5.
6.
10. 11. 12. 13.
14. 15.
O.R. Pollution Can Have Adverse Effect on Safety, Hospitals, JAHA, September 1, 1976, Vol. 50, No. 17, pp. 97- 104. Owens, I.E., Evaluation of Electrostatic Hazards in the Operating Room, Technical Symposium, International Non-Woven and Disposables Assn., March, 1974. Hodler, M.L. Sr., Sur ical Technology, Basis for Clinical Practice, C.V. Mosby,!% Louis, 1974, p. 42. ASA Convention Report, The Surgical Team, Vol. 3, No.6, November/December 1974, p. AS/S. Campbell, M.B. and York, T.E., Chronic Exposure to Anesthetic Gases and Vapors in the Atmosphere of an OR, Southern Hospitals, Vol. 43, No. 5, May, 1975, p. 17. Ballinger, W.F., Treybd, J.C., Vow, A.B., Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery, pp. 90-91, C.V. Mosby, St. Lows, 1972. Standard for the Use of Inhalation Anesthetics - 1973, NFPA 56A National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass. Thompson, Robert E., Static Electricity - Causes and Controls, AORN Journal, Vol. 12, October 1970, pp. 81-83. Ibid, No. 9. Ibid, No. 9. Lyttle, David A., Static Control Systems: Safeguards Operating Room Staff, Institutional Laundry, February 1970. Williams, MA, Lawson, D.R., and Staples, M.L., Can Cotton/Polyester Blends Safely Replace Cottons in Hospitals? Hospital Administration in Canada, May, 1971. Rlzzo, Frank I., Electrostatic Phenomena in Textile and Clothing Systems, U.S. Army Technical Report 74-2 CE Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass., October, 1973, p. 19. Trace Anesthetics and Psychological Performance, AORN Journal, November 1976, Vol. 24, No. 5, p, 1001.
JANUARYIFEBRUARY 1977
0
n
The Burdick Corporation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Cambridge Scientific Industries
. . . . . . . .. 5 1
......... .3rd Cover Green 8 Kellogg Inc.. ................. - 1 3 Heelbo Corporation. .................. . 4 3 Fashion Seal Uniforms.
Inhalation Therapy Services, Inc.. Johnson W a x . .
........
.......................
2 11
The Kendall Company. ......... .2nd Cover
. . . . . . . . 6 and 7 J.T. Posey Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Principle Business Enterprises, Inc. . . . . . . 55 Smith Et Underwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3MCompany ......................... 17 Kimberly-Clark Corporation.
............. 5 . . . . . . . . . . 4 t h Cover
Union Carbide Corporation Winthrop Laboratories
55
