Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology using moir6
Tsuyoshi Kawai, Nagato Natsume, Hideo Shibata, Tadashi Y a m a m o t o 2nd Department of Oral and Maxillofaeial
Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
stripes Part II. Analysis of normal adults T. Kawai, N. Natsume, H. Shibata, T. Yamamoto: Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology using moirk stripes. Part II. Analysis of normal adults. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1990; 19:359 362. Abstract. This paper presents a system for analysing facial morphology using moir6 stripes in 60 normal Japanese high-school students. Analysis of the central region of the face revealed consistent differences between the sexes and between the right and left sides of the face. On the basis o f these data, it is suggested that 1 m m difference should be considered permissible between the 2 sides of the upper lip in cases of lip repair in cleft lip and palate patients.
Moir6 topography had been developed to analyse facial morphology 1~. This study presents the results o f applying this system in 60 Japanese high-school students. Material and methods As previously described ~, 3 horizontal transverse sections of the face are used. Cross section 1 passes through the center of the lower margin of the orbit, cross section 2 through the tip of the nose, and cross section 3 through the center of the upper lip. Each section is divided into blocks of 10 mm. 4 or 5 blocks are measured on either side of the midline, depending on the width of the region. The following 4 characteristics were analysed: 1. Height of the face surface: the distance from a standard surface to the skin surface, calculated at 10 mm intervals from the midline. 2. Sectional area: the area of face surface in each block. 3. Length: the length of the curved face surface cut by the section line in each block. 4. Correlation coefficient: an index comparing the degree of inclination of the right and left face surfaces derived by calculating the variation in height of each block and obtaining the correlation coefficient of variation between corresponding right and left blocks. For each of these characteristics, the mean
and standard deviations in male and female subjects for each block in each of the 3 sections were calculated. Corresponding values for the right and left sides and for male and female subjects were compared, and the significance of the differences were tested by Student's test. To confirm the precision of the method, photographs were made of a circular cylinder, 15 cm in diameter, under the same conditions as for the human subjects, and analysed as described above. The right and left values were found to be similar for all areas examined.
Results The results for the 3 cross sections are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
Key words: moire photography; facial analysis. Accepted for publication 5
December 1989
face was significantly longer than the left in blocks 1, 4, and 5, suggesting that the right side was more steeply inclined in these regions. In males, blocks 2 and 3 were significantly longer on the left side, but in females these blocks did not differ. In both sexes, the correlation coefficients were highest in blocks 1 and 2 and lowest in block 3, indicating that in section 1 the face was steep in the nose area and flat in the upper cheek area. The values for blocks 2 and 3 were considerably lower in females than in males, indicating that the upper cheek area was flatter in females, with no fixed direction of inclination.
Cross section 2 Cross section 1
Through lower margin of orbit (Table 1). In both male and female subjects, the left side was significantly higher than the right. The difference ranged from < 1 m m for block 3 to 4.17 m m for block 5. These differences were greater in females, except for block 4. As for the height, area was significantly larger on the left side in both sexes. The difference was greater in females, except for block 1. In both sexes, the fight side of the
Through tip of nose (Table 2). As in section 1, the face surface tended to be higher on the left, and the difference was more marked in females. Area was also generally significantly larger on the left. In males the difference was especially great in blocks 2 and 5; in females, the difference was notably greater in the outer blocks. The length was greatest in block 2 because of the presence of the nasal alae. The length was greater on the right side in all but block 3, indicating that
3611
K a w a i et al.
the face was either m o r e inclined or m o r e irregular on the right side. The correlation coefficients were low
in the 3rd block (0.65 in males; 0.27 in females), indicating that the face in this block was almost flat and varied in its
direction o f inclination. The low value in females reflected the additional inclin a t i o n t o w a r d the buccal surface.
Table 1. Measurement of the transversal section I
Males 5 Height of face (mm) Plane on left (PL)
Mean -3.02 SD 1.96 Plane on right (PR) Mean -5.78 SD 1.94 Difference between right and left (PL-PR) 2.76
Sectional area (mmz) Plane on left (AL)
Mean -12.81 SD 17.91 Plane on right (AR) Mean -31.37 SD 12.63 Difference between right andleft (AL-AR) 21.56
Length of face (mm) Plane on left (SL)
Mean 10.50 SD 0.23 Plane on right (SR) Mean 11,02 SD 0.72 Difference between right and left (SL-SR) -0.52
Females
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
!
-0.23 1.50 -1.67 0.83 1.44
0.77 1.32 0.13 0.60 0.64
2.62 1.28 1.60 1.07 1.02
10.33 2.31 7.87 2.57 2.46
- 1.61 2.51 -5.78 1.58 4.17
0.93 2.17 -1.87 0.76 2.82
1.79 0.02 --0.03 0.40 1.82
3,04 1.71 1.42 0.91 1.62
8.81 2.21 6.41 2.21 2.40
3.42 13.98 -6.23 6.68 9.65
14.27 11.95 6.69 7.18 7.58
59.23 136.31 1 7 . 4 4 21.66 3 9 . 8 9 120.71 1 8 . 3 1 24.84 1 9 . 3 4 15.60
-t.!5 22.54 -35.00 11.22 33.85
14.52 20.42 -8.26 5.46 22.78
22.42 18.32 5.87 5.14 16.55
5 5 . 2 2 115.49 1 8 . 4 6 24.27 3 4 . 1 6 100.66 1 4 . 7 7 24.07 2 1 . 0 6 14.83
10.16 0.15 10.32 0.27 --0.16
10.35 0.24 10.25 0.20 0.I0
1 2 . 9 1 11.77 1.01 0.95 1 2 . 1 3 12.58 1.06 0.92 0.78 --0.81
10.44 0.23 10.88 0.39 -0,44
10.17 0,22 10.20 0.14 -0.03
10.31 0.39 10,23 0.23 -0.08
1 1 . 7 2 11.21 0.62 0.42 1 1 . 4 8 12.12 0.78 0.91 0.24 -0.91
0.84 0.24
0.78 0.33
0.72 0.30
0.59 0.45
Correlation co-efficient Mean SD *P
Tsuyoshi Kawai, Nagato Natsume, Hideo Shibata, Tadashi Y a m a m o t o 2nd Department of Oral and Maxillofaeial
Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
stripes Part II. Analysis of normal adults T. Kawai, N. Natsume, H. Shibata, T. Yamamoto: Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology using moirk stripes. Part II. Analysis of normal adults. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1990; 19:359 362. Abstract. This paper presents a system for analysing facial morphology using moir6 stripes in 60 normal Japanese high-school students. Analysis of the central region of the face revealed consistent differences between the sexes and between the right and left sides of the face. On the basis o f these data, it is suggested that 1 m m difference should be considered permissible between the 2 sides of the upper lip in cases of lip repair in cleft lip and palate patients.
Moir6 topography had been developed to analyse facial morphology 1~. This study presents the results o f applying this system in 60 Japanese high-school students. Material and methods As previously described ~, 3 horizontal transverse sections of the face are used. Cross section 1 passes through the center of the lower margin of the orbit, cross section 2 through the tip of the nose, and cross section 3 through the center of the upper lip. Each section is divided into blocks of 10 mm. 4 or 5 blocks are measured on either side of the midline, depending on the width of the region. The following 4 characteristics were analysed: 1. Height of the face surface: the distance from a standard surface to the skin surface, calculated at 10 mm intervals from the midline. 2. Sectional area: the area of face surface in each block. 3. Length: the length of the curved face surface cut by the section line in each block. 4. Correlation coefficient: an index comparing the degree of inclination of the right and left face surfaces derived by calculating the variation in height of each block and obtaining the correlation coefficient of variation between corresponding right and left blocks. For each of these characteristics, the mean
and standard deviations in male and female subjects for each block in each of the 3 sections were calculated. Corresponding values for the right and left sides and for male and female subjects were compared, and the significance of the differences were tested by Student's test. To confirm the precision of the method, photographs were made of a circular cylinder, 15 cm in diameter, under the same conditions as for the human subjects, and analysed as described above. The right and left values were found to be similar for all areas examined.
Results The results for the 3 cross sections are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
Key words: moire photography; facial analysis. Accepted for publication 5
December 1989
face was significantly longer than the left in blocks 1, 4, and 5, suggesting that the right side was more steeply inclined in these regions. In males, blocks 2 and 3 were significantly longer on the left side, but in females these blocks did not differ. In both sexes, the correlation coefficients were highest in blocks 1 and 2 and lowest in block 3, indicating that in section 1 the face was steep in the nose area and flat in the upper cheek area. The values for blocks 2 and 3 were considerably lower in females than in males, indicating that the upper cheek area was flatter in females, with no fixed direction of inclination.
Cross section 2 Cross section 1
Through lower margin of orbit (Table 1). In both male and female subjects, the left side was significantly higher than the right. The difference ranged from < 1 m m for block 3 to 4.17 m m for block 5. These differences were greater in females, except for block 4. As for the height, area was significantly larger on the left side in both sexes. The difference was greater in females, except for block 1. In both sexes, the fight side of the
Through tip of nose (Table 2). As in section 1, the face surface tended to be higher on the left, and the difference was more marked in females. Area was also generally significantly larger on the left. In males the difference was especially great in blocks 2 and 5; in females, the difference was notably greater in the outer blocks. The length was greatest in block 2 because of the presence of the nasal alae. The length was greater on the right side in all but block 3, indicating that
3611
K a w a i et al.
the face was either m o r e inclined or m o r e irregular on the right side. The correlation coefficients were low
in the 3rd block (0.65 in males; 0.27 in females), indicating that the face in this block was almost flat and varied in its
direction o f inclination. The low value in females reflected the additional inclin a t i o n t o w a r d the buccal surface.
Table 1. Measurement of the transversal section I
Males 5 Height of face (mm) Plane on left (PL)
Mean -3.02 SD 1.96 Plane on right (PR) Mean -5.78 SD 1.94 Difference between right and left (PL-PR) 2.76
Sectional area (mmz) Plane on left (AL)
Mean -12.81 SD 17.91 Plane on right (AR) Mean -31.37 SD 12.63 Difference between right andleft (AL-AR) 21.56
Length of face (mm) Plane on left (SL)
Mean 10.50 SD 0.23 Plane on right (SR) Mean 11,02 SD 0.72 Difference between right and left (SL-SR) -0.52
Females
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
!
-0.23 1.50 -1.67 0.83 1.44
0.77 1.32 0.13 0.60 0.64
2.62 1.28 1.60 1.07 1.02
10.33 2.31 7.87 2.57 2.46
- 1.61 2.51 -5.78 1.58 4.17
0.93 2.17 -1.87 0.76 2.82
1.79 0.02 --0.03 0.40 1.82
3,04 1.71 1.42 0.91 1.62
8.81 2.21 6.41 2.21 2.40
3.42 13.98 -6.23 6.68 9.65
14.27 11.95 6.69 7.18 7.58
59.23 136.31 1 7 . 4 4 21.66 3 9 . 8 9 120.71 1 8 . 3 1 24.84 1 9 . 3 4 15.60
-t.!5 22.54 -35.00 11.22 33.85
14.52 20.42 -8.26 5.46 22.78
22.42 18.32 5.87 5.14 16.55
5 5 . 2 2 115.49 1 8 . 4 6 24.27 3 4 . 1 6 100.66 1 4 . 7 7 24.07 2 1 . 0 6 14.83
10.16 0.15 10.32 0.27 --0.16
10.35 0.24 10.25 0.20 0.I0
1 2 . 9 1 11.77 1.01 0.95 1 2 . 1 3 12.58 1.06 0.92 0.78 --0.81
10.44 0.23 10.88 0.39 -0,44
10.17 0,22 10.20 0.14 -0.03
10.31 0.39 10,23 0.23 -0.08
1 1 . 7 2 11.21 0.62 0.42 1 1 . 4 8 12.12 0.78 0.91 0.24 -0.91
0.84 0.24
0.78 0.33
0.72 0.30
0.59 0.45
Correlation co-efficient Mean SD *P
