Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul
Baseline
Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf Seyedeh Laili Mohebbi-Nozar a,⇑, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria b, Wan Ruslan Ismail c, Mohammad Seddiq Mortazawi a, Maryam Salimizadeh d, Mohammad Momeni a, Gholamali Akbarzadeh a a
Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan,Iran Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia HydroGeomorphology Research Group, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia d Hormozgan Department of Environment, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan,Iran b c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Available online xxxx Keywords: Total petroleum hydrocarbons Sediment Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Hormozgan Province
a b s t r a c t To provide baseline information for the marine ecosystem of Hormozgan province, the distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated in 52 stations involved in the mangrove and coastline ecosystem. Coastline sampling sites included areas facing harbor, river, domestic and industrial discharge. Sediment samples were analyzed based on ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy. Petroleum hydrocarbons showed narrow variations ranging from non-detectable (ND) to 1.71 and from 0.2 to 0.63 lg/g dry weight for coastline and mangrove sediments, respectively. The detected concentrations for total petroleum hydrocarbons were lower than guideline values for ecological risk. Furthermore, the minimum environmental risk was confirmed by background levels for the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and detected values for reference areas. The results were regarded as background data in the studied area, and, considering the rapid expansion of activities related to the petroleum industry in Hormozgan province, the continuous monitoring of pollutants is recommended. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Given the enormous volume of water on earth (71% of the earth’s surface), aquatic environments are the main receivers of pollutants from diverse sources (Zhou et al., 2001). Subsequent to their inflow into the aquatic ecosystem, chemical organic pollutants accumulate in sediments according to their hydrophobic characteristics. Due to the lengthy half-life of some oil components, sediment can remain as a contaminant for an extended period. The mineralogical compositions of sediments are good markers for identifying the sources and history of pollution (Burton, 2002; Zhao et al., 2010). The nature and origin of sediments (their grain size and organic carbon) can affect the concentrations of pollutants within them. Sometimes interpreting data from sediments is difficult because of sediment heterogeneity and large variations in determining contaminant distribution (GESAMP, 1990). Untreated wastewaters containing various kinds of harmful petroleum chemicals, such as TPHs, can originate from point and non-point sources, like municipal areas, oil spills, transportation, ships, or industries and offshore production. They are ⇑ Corresponding author at: Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute, Post Code: 79167-93165, P.O. Box: 79145-1597, Saheli (Qadir) Blvd, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran. Tel.: +98 9177614473. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar).
directly and indirectly discharged into intertidal zones in large and small volumes. Coastal areas suffer from the increasing number of human activities along coastlines. Furthermore, the proximity of mangrove forests to urban areas makes them highly vulnerable to human activities (Tam and Wong, 2000). Many developed and developing countries implement strategies for the elimination or limitation of contaminants derived from point sources (Hill, 2010). Hormozgan province in the south of Iran covers Hormuz Strait with special international importance because of the oil that is exported to the world from this strategic position. Moreover, Hormozgan province is bordered by about 1000 km of coastline which includes the largest Iranian mangrove density and valuable marine resources (Zahed et al., 2010). The present observation is part of a large study assessing the effects of oily activities, industrial and urbanization developments on coastline and mangrove sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. A high degree of industrial and agricultural pollution in local areas there has been reported (Mohebbi Nozar et al., 2013; Nozar et al., 2014). The specific aims of the current study were to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of TPHs in coastal and mangrove sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea (Hormozgan province area) and to determine the probable ecological risk of TPHs in sediments from the studied area.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037 0025-326X/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Mohebbi-Nozar, S.L., et al. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037
2
S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Table 1 Details of sediment sampling stations. Full name of sampling site
Abbreviation name and sampling station index
Description
Hotel Amin
HA 0–3
Gursuzan
GU 0–3
Shahid Bahonar Shahid Rajaei Qeshm Zinc Smelting company Bandar Abbas Power Plant
SB 0–3 SR 0–3 ZS 0–3
Bandar-e-Lengeh Water Desalinization Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery
WD 0–3
Mehran Gashe (west of Hormozgan Province) Sirik (east of Hormozgan province) Qeshm (behind of Qeshm island) Khamir
ME 0–3 GA 1–3
Domestic input Domestic input Harbor Harbor Industrial discharge Industrial discharge Industrial discharge Industrial discharge River input Reference area Reference area Reference area Mangrove density Mangrove density Reference area
PP 1–3
OR 1–3
SI 1–3 QE 1–3 KH 1–3
Laft
LA 1–3
Bahman Shir
BS 1–3
Sampling stations located along the Hormozgan province coastline were selected as they comprise the probable contaminant sources. Details of coastline and mangrove sampling stations are illustrated in Table 1. The coastal sampling stations included nine sites facing the industrial, municipal and river discharge points and three reference sites far from the probable contamination sources (Fig. 1). Surface sediment samples were collected from stations situated 500, 1000, and 1500 m from the shoreline, facing
probable pollution sources, and are represented respectively by Indices 1, 2, and 3 in Table 1. Furthermore, sampling was performed from wastewater discharge areas (station index of zero in Table 1) for all probable pollution origins, except Bandar Abbas Power Plant and the Oil Refinery that discharge wastewater directly into the facing shoreline. Furthermore, Fig. 1 and Table 1 illustrate the mangrove sampling stations. Mangrove samples were collected at three densities from the ports of Khamir and Laft and from Bahman Shir. The Khamir area is located opposite a chalk factory. The Laft port area is positioned near residential villages, and the Bahman Shir area is located at the natural reservoir. Sediment samplings were taken in both dry and wet seasons at highest tide, and GPS coordinates were used to record the geographical locations of the stations. Coastal sediments were collected in September and March 2010, and sampling was performed in mangroves in August 2010 and March 2011. Surface sediment samples were collected based on the USEPA method (USEPA, 2001) using a Van Veen grab (made of stainless steel, with overall dimensions of approximately 20 30 60 cm and a weight of 5 kg) on a 250 cm2 surface area. After collection, the sediments were transferred into a pre-cleaned container, mixed, and homogenized. Sub-samples were removed and kept in plastic bags for transportation to the laboratory. Freeze-dried and sieved fractions of sediment with sizes smaller than 2 mm were kept at 20 °C until analyzed. Sample preparation for total petroleum hydrocarbons involved extracting petroleum hydrocarbons from sediment samples using n-hexane as the extraction solvent (IOC-UNESCO, 1982). The homogenized mixture was filtered and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The instrumental analysis of TPHs was carried out with UV fluorescence, using chrysene as the standard chemical. Quantification was performed at 310 and 360 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively (MOOPAM, 2005). Hydrometric method was used to measure the sediment particle sizes for sand, silt, and clay as 2000–50 lm, 50–2 lm, and
Fig. 1. Map showing coastline and mangrove sediment sampling locations (marked with N) in Hormozgan Province.
Please cite this article in press as: Mohebbi-Nozar, S.L., et al. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037
3
S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul
Baseline
Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf Seyedeh Laili Mohebbi-Nozar a,⇑, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria b, Wan Ruslan Ismail c, Mohammad Seddiq Mortazawi a, Maryam Salimizadeh d, Mohammad Momeni a, Gholamali Akbarzadeh a a
Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan,Iran Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia HydroGeomorphology Research Group, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia d Hormozgan Department of Environment, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan,Iran b c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Available online xxxx Keywords: Total petroleum hydrocarbons Sediment Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Hormozgan Province
a b s t r a c t To provide baseline information for the marine ecosystem of Hormozgan province, the distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated in 52 stations involved in the mangrove and coastline ecosystem. Coastline sampling sites included areas facing harbor, river, domestic and industrial discharge. Sediment samples were analyzed based on ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy. Petroleum hydrocarbons showed narrow variations ranging from non-detectable (ND) to 1.71 and from 0.2 to 0.63 lg/g dry weight for coastline and mangrove sediments, respectively. The detected concentrations for total petroleum hydrocarbons were lower than guideline values for ecological risk. Furthermore, the minimum environmental risk was confirmed by background levels for the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and detected values for reference areas. The results were regarded as background data in the studied area, and, considering the rapid expansion of activities related to the petroleum industry in Hormozgan province, the continuous monitoring of pollutants is recommended. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Given the enormous volume of water on earth (71% of the earth’s surface), aquatic environments are the main receivers of pollutants from diverse sources (Zhou et al., 2001). Subsequent to their inflow into the aquatic ecosystem, chemical organic pollutants accumulate in sediments according to their hydrophobic characteristics. Due to the lengthy half-life of some oil components, sediment can remain as a contaminant for an extended period. The mineralogical compositions of sediments are good markers for identifying the sources and history of pollution (Burton, 2002; Zhao et al., 2010). The nature and origin of sediments (their grain size and organic carbon) can affect the concentrations of pollutants within them. Sometimes interpreting data from sediments is difficult because of sediment heterogeneity and large variations in determining contaminant distribution (GESAMP, 1990). Untreated wastewaters containing various kinds of harmful petroleum chemicals, such as TPHs, can originate from point and non-point sources, like municipal areas, oil spills, transportation, ships, or industries and offshore production. They are ⇑ Corresponding author at: Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute, Post Code: 79167-93165, P.O. Box: 79145-1597, Saheli (Qadir) Blvd, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran. Tel.: +98 9177614473. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar).
directly and indirectly discharged into intertidal zones in large and small volumes. Coastal areas suffer from the increasing number of human activities along coastlines. Furthermore, the proximity of mangrove forests to urban areas makes them highly vulnerable to human activities (Tam and Wong, 2000). Many developed and developing countries implement strategies for the elimination or limitation of contaminants derived from point sources (Hill, 2010). Hormozgan province in the south of Iran covers Hormuz Strait with special international importance because of the oil that is exported to the world from this strategic position. Moreover, Hormozgan province is bordered by about 1000 km of coastline which includes the largest Iranian mangrove density and valuable marine resources (Zahed et al., 2010). The present observation is part of a large study assessing the effects of oily activities, industrial and urbanization developments on coastline and mangrove sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. A high degree of industrial and agricultural pollution in local areas there has been reported (Mohebbi Nozar et al., 2013; Nozar et al., 2014). The specific aims of the current study were to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of TPHs in coastal and mangrove sediments from the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea (Hormozgan province area) and to determine the probable ecological risk of TPHs in sediments from the studied area.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037 0025-326X/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Mohebbi-Nozar, S.L., et al. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037
2
S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
Table 1 Details of sediment sampling stations. Full name of sampling site
Abbreviation name and sampling station index
Description
Hotel Amin
HA 0–3
Gursuzan
GU 0–3
Shahid Bahonar Shahid Rajaei Qeshm Zinc Smelting company Bandar Abbas Power Plant
SB 0–3 SR 0–3 ZS 0–3
Bandar-e-Lengeh Water Desalinization Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery
WD 0–3
Mehran Gashe (west of Hormozgan Province) Sirik (east of Hormozgan province) Qeshm (behind of Qeshm island) Khamir
ME 0–3 GA 1–3
Domestic input Domestic input Harbor Harbor Industrial discharge Industrial discharge Industrial discharge Industrial discharge River input Reference area Reference area Reference area Mangrove density Mangrove density Reference area
PP 1–3
OR 1–3
SI 1–3 QE 1–3 KH 1–3
Laft
LA 1–3
Bahman Shir
BS 1–3
Sampling stations located along the Hormozgan province coastline were selected as they comprise the probable contaminant sources. Details of coastline and mangrove sampling stations are illustrated in Table 1. The coastal sampling stations included nine sites facing the industrial, municipal and river discharge points and three reference sites far from the probable contamination sources (Fig. 1). Surface sediment samples were collected from stations situated 500, 1000, and 1500 m from the shoreline, facing
probable pollution sources, and are represented respectively by Indices 1, 2, and 3 in Table 1. Furthermore, sampling was performed from wastewater discharge areas (station index of zero in Table 1) for all probable pollution origins, except Bandar Abbas Power Plant and the Oil Refinery that discharge wastewater directly into the facing shoreline. Furthermore, Fig. 1 and Table 1 illustrate the mangrove sampling stations. Mangrove samples were collected at three densities from the ports of Khamir and Laft and from Bahman Shir. The Khamir area is located opposite a chalk factory. The Laft port area is positioned near residential villages, and the Bahman Shir area is located at the natural reservoir. Sediment samplings were taken in both dry and wet seasons at highest tide, and GPS coordinates were used to record the geographical locations of the stations. Coastal sediments were collected in September and March 2010, and sampling was performed in mangroves in August 2010 and March 2011. Surface sediment samples were collected based on the USEPA method (USEPA, 2001) using a Van Veen grab (made of stainless steel, with overall dimensions of approximately 20 30 60 cm and a weight of 5 kg) on a 250 cm2 surface area. After collection, the sediments were transferred into a pre-cleaned container, mixed, and homogenized. Sub-samples were removed and kept in plastic bags for transportation to the laboratory. Freeze-dried and sieved fractions of sediment with sizes smaller than 2 mm were kept at 20 °C until analyzed. Sample preparation for total petroleum hydrocarbons involved extracting petroleum hydrocarbons from sediment samples using n-hexane as the extraction solvent (IOC-UNESCO, 1982). The homogenized mixture was filtered and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The instrumental analysis of TPHs was carried out with UV fluorescence, using chrysene as the standard chemical. Quantification was performed at 310 and 360 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively (MOOPAM, 2005). Hydrometric method was used to measure the sediment particle sizes for sand, silt, and clay as 2000–50 lm, 50–2 lm, and
Fig. 1. Map showing coastline and mangrove sediment sampling locations (marked with N) in Hormozgan Province.
Please cite this article in press as: Mohebbi-Nozar, S.L., et al. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the coastline and mangroves of the northern Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.037
3
S.L. Mohebbi-Nozar et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
