Environmental Pollution 200 (2015) 140e148
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol
Toxaphene in the aquatic environment of Greenland t b, Rune Dietz b Katrin Vorkamp a, *, Frank F. Rige a b
Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 25 November 2014 Received in revised form 4 February 2015 Accepted 5 February 2015 Available online 26 February 2015
The octa- and nonachlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) CHBs 26, 40, 41, 44, 50 and 62 were analysed in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and black guillemot eggs (Cepphus grylle) from Greenland. Despite their high trophic level, ringed seals had the lowest concentrations of these species, with a S6Toxaphene median concentration of 13e20 ng/g lipid weight (lw), suggesting metabolisation. The congener composition also suggests transformation of nona- to octachlorinated congeners. Black guillemot eggs had the highest concentrations (S6Toxaphene median concentration of 971 ng/g lw). Although concentrations were higher in East than in West Greenland differences were smaller than for other persistent organic pollutants. In a circumpolar context, toxaphene had the highest concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. Time trend analyses showed significant decreases for black guillemot eggs and juvenile ringed seals, with annual rates of 5 to 7% for S6Toxaphene. The decreases were generally steepest for CHBs 40, 41 and 44. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Arctic char Bioaccumulation Black guillemot eggs Ringed seal Shorthorn sculpin Trends
1. Introduction Originally used as a trademark by the US manufacturer Hercules Incorporated, “toxaphene” is now generally used for complex insecticidal mixtures of polychlorobornanes and camphenes. Depending on the manufacturing process, products likely differ in chlorination degree and congener composition, leading to a theoretical number of ten thousands of congeners (Vetter, 1993). The former Soviet Union produced a similar product called polychloropinene in an estimated quantity of 160 000 tons (Trukhin et al., 2007). The US production peaked in 1975, at an annual production of at least 27 000 metric tons, registered for three manufacturers in 1975 (ATSDR, 2010). An accountable cumulative toxaphene usage of 450 000 tons was calculated in a global inventory, with an interpolated total usage from 1950 to 1993 of 1.33 million tons (Voldner and Li, 1993). This would place toxaphene in the same production volume category as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which had a cumulative production of 1.3 million tons (Breivik et al., 2002), and DDT, which was produced at 2.6 million tons (Voldner and Li, 1995). The highest usage of >100 000 tons of toxaphene was documented for the USA, while >10 000 tons were registered for the former Soviet Union, Germany, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt and possibly other countries * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Vorkamp). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.014 0269-7491/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
(Voldner and Li, 1995). The use of toxaphene has also been reported for Sudan, Algeria and other African countries, causing runoff into the river Nile (de Geus et al., 1999; Voldner and Li, 1995). According to Voldner and Li (1995), >1000 tons were used in India and China and minor amounts in many other countries. Toxaphene was mainly used for pest control on cotton crops in the Southern United States, with minor applications (
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol
Toxaphene in the aquatic environment of Greenland t b, Rune Dietz b Katrin Vorkamp a, *, Frank F. Rige a b
Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 25 November 2014 Received in revised form 4 February 2015 Accepted 5 February 2015 Available online 26 February 2015
The octa- and nonachlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) CHBs 26, 40, 41, 44, 50 and 62 were analysed in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and black guillemot eggs (Cepphus grylle) from Greenland. Despite their high trophic level, ringed seals had the lowest concentrations of these species, with a S6Toxaphene median concentration of 13e20 ng/g lipid weight (lw), suggesting metabolisation. The congener composition also suggests transformation of nona- to octachlorinated congeners. Black guillemot eggs had the highest concentrations (S6Toxaphene median concentration of 971 ng/g lw). Although concentrations were higher in East than in West Greenland differences were smaller than for other persistent organic pollutants. In a circumpolar context, toxaphene had the highest concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. Time trend analyses showed significant decreases for black guillemot eggs and juvenile ringed seals, with annual rates of 5 to 7% for S6Toxaphene. The decreases were generally steepest for CHBs 40, 41 and 44. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Arctic char Bioaccumulation Black guillemot eggs Ringed seal Shorthorn sculpin Trends
1. Introduction Originally used as a trademark by the US manufacturer Hercules Incorporated, “toxaphene” is now generally used for complex insecticidal mixtures of polychlorobornanes and camphenes. Depending on the manufacturing process, products likely differ in chlorination degree and congener composition, leading to a theoretical number of ten thousands of congeners (Vetter, 1993). The former Soviet Union produced a similar product called polychloropinene in an estimated quantity of 160 000 tons (Trukhin et al., 2007). The US production peaked in 1975, at an annual production of at least 27 000 metric tons, registered for three manufacturers in 1975 (ATSDR, 2010). An accountable cumulative toxaphene usage of 450 000 tons was calculated in a global inventory, with an interpolated total usage from 1950 to 1993 of 1.33 million tons (Voldner and Li, 1993). This would place toxaphene in the same production volume category as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which had a cumulative production of 1.3 million tons (Breivik et al., 2002), and DDT, which was produced at 2.6 million tons (Voldner and Li, 1995). The highest usage of >100 000 tons of toxaphene was documented for the USA, while >10 000 tons were registered for the former Soviet Union, Germany, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt and possibly other countries * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Vorkamp). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.014 0269-7491/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
(Voldner and Li, 1995). The use of toxaphene has also been reported for Sudan, Algeria and other African countries, causing runoff into the river Nile (de Geus et al., 1999; Voldner and Li, 1995). According to Voldner and Li (1995), >1000 tons were used in India and China and minor amounts in many other countries. Toxaphene was mainly used for pest control on cotton crops in the Southern United States, with minor applications (
