Letters
Author Contributions: Dr Grey had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Both authors. Acquisition of data: Grey. Analysis and interpretation of data: Both authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Grey. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Bolland. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Funding/Support: The Health Research Council of New Zealand. Role of the Sponsor: The Health Research Council of New Zealand had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1. Prasad V, Cifu A, Ioannidis JPA. Reversals of established medical practices: evidence to abandon ship. JAMA. 2012;307(1):37-38. 2. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association, Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106(21):2747-2757. 3. Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(7):725-730. 4. Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(23):28842891.
17. Quinn JF, Raman R, Thomas RG, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304(17):1903-1911. 18. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P; NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury [published correction appears in JAMA. 2012;307(6):563]. JAMA. 2011;306(14):1574-1581. 19. Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, et al. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants’ allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e184. 20. Andreeva VA, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, Julia C, Galan P, Hercberg S. B vitamin and/or ω-3 fatty acid supplementation and cancer: ancillary findings from the Supplementation With Folate, Vitamins B6 and B12, and/or Omega-3 Fatty Acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7): 540-547. 21. Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, et al; Fish Oil Inhibition of Stenosis in Hemodialysis Grafts (FISH) Study Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1809-1816. 22. Bosch J, Gerstein HC, Dagenais GR, et al; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):309-318.
5. Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7544):752-760.
23. Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, et al. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e6698.
6. Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, et al; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2613-2619.
24. Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG; Korean Meta-analysis Study Group. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(9):686-694.
7. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al; Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis [published correction apperas in Lancet. 2007;370(9583):220]. Lancet. 2007;369(9567):1090-1098. 8. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 2008;299(14):1690-1697. 9. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al; GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1223-1230. 10. León H, Shibata MC, Sivakumaran S, Dorgan M, Chatterley T, Tsuyuki RT. Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;337:a2931. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2931. 11. Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(2):175-182. 12. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS. Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(15): 1651-1657. 13. Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, Briancon S, Blacher J, Hercberg S; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6273. 14. Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Yelland L, Quinlivan J, Ryan P; DOMInO Investigative Team. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(15):1675-1683. 15. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):2015-2026. 16. Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, Naccarelli GV, Pratt CM. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent 462
symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(21):2363-2372.
25. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024-1033. 26. Mozaffarian D, Marchioli R, Macchia A, et al; OPERA Investigators. Fish oil and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2001-2011. 27. Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Miller PE, Thomas PR, Dwyer JT. Why US adults use dietary supplements. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):355-361. 28. Messori A, Fadda V, Maratea D, Trippoli S. ω-3 Fatty acid supplements for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: from “no proof of effectiveness” to “proof of no effectiveness.” JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(15):1466-1468. 29. Tatsioni A, Bonitsis NG, Ioannidis JP. Persistence of contradicted claims in the literature. JAMA. 2007;298(21):2517-2526. 30. Council for Responsible Nutrition. The benefits of nutritional supplements. 2012. http://www.crnusa.org/benefits/. Accessed June 30, 2013.
Use and Yield of Endoscopy in Patients With Uncomplicated Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder Practice guidelines recommend esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) screening for Barrett esophagus (BE) or esophageal cancer for patients with uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), especially in high-risk patients (symptoms for >5 years, white Invited Commentary page 465 race, male sex, age >50 years, and family history of BE or esophageal cancer).1,2 However, the extent of using screening EGD, its predictors, and diagnostic yield are unclear. We aimed to determine prevalence, predictors, and yield of
JAMA Internal Medicine March 2014 Volume 174, Number 3
Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Downloaded From: http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/ by a Florida International University Medical Library User on 07/28/2015
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Letters
Table. Demographic, Clinical, Clinical Care, and Facility Determinants of Receiving EGD in the First-Year Follow-up After GERD Diagnosis and Being Diagnosed as Having BE or E/GC on That EGD Adjusted OR (95% CI) At Least 1 EGD in Year After GERD Diagnosis
Factor
Yes (n = 36 502; 7.3%)
No (n = 462 571; 92.7%)
BE Yes (n = 7772; 10.1%)
E/GC No (n = 69 318; 89.9%)
Yes (n = 625; 0.8%)
No (n = 76 465; 99.2%)
Demographic Year of diagnosis 2004
1 [Reference]
1 [Reference]
1 [Reference]
2005
1.04 (1.00-1.08)
1.19 (1.11-1.27)
1.36 (1.08-1.71)
2006
1.15 (1.10-1.20)
1.07 (0.98-1.16)
1.44 (1.13-1.84)
2007
1.18 (1.12-1.24)
1.09 (0.98-1.22)
1.20 (0.87-1.66)
2008
1.22 (1.16-1.28)
1.11 (0.98-1.25)
1.76 (1.33-2.34)
2009
1.30 (1.22-1.38)
0.99 (0.87-1.12)
1.99 (1.59-2.50)
Age, y
Author Contributions: Dr Grey had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Both authors. Acquisition of data: Grey. Analysis and interpretation of data: Both authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Grey. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Bolland. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Funding/Support: The Health Research Council of New Zealand. Role of the Sponsor: The Health Research Council of New Zealand had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1. Prasad V, Cifu A, Ioannidis JPA. Reversals of established medical practices: evidence to abandon ship. JAMA. 2012;307(1):37-38. 2. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association, Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106(21):2747-2757. 3. Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(7):725-730. 4. Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(23):28842891.
17. Quinn JF, Raman R, Thomas RG, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304(17):1903-1911. 18. Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P; NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury [published correction appears in JAMA. 2012;307(6):563]. JAMA. 2011;306(14):1574-1581. 19. Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, et al. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants’ allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e184. 20. Andreeva VA, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, Julia C, Galan P, Hercberg S. B vitamin and/or ω-3 fatty acid supplementation and cancer: ancillary findings from the Supplementation With Folate, Vitamins B6 and B12, and/or Omega-3 Fatty Acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7): 540-547. 21. Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, et al; Fish Oil Inhibition of Stenosis in Hemodialysis Grafts (FISH) Study Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1809-1816. 22. Bosch J, Gerstein HC, Dagenais GR, et al; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):309-318.
5. Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7544):752-760.
23. Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, et al. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e6698.
6. Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, et al; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2613-2619.
24. Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG; Korean Meta-analysis Study Group. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(9):686-694.
7. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al; Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis [published correction apperas in Lancet. 2007;370(9583):220]. Lancet. 2007;369(9567):1090-1098. 8. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 2008;299(14):1690-1697. 9. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al; GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1223-1230. 10. León H, Shibata MC, Sivakumaran S, Dorgan M, Chatterley T, Tsuyuki RT. Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;337:a2931. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2931. 11. Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(2):175-182. 12. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS. Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(15): 1651-1657. 13. Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, Briancon S, Blacher J, Hercberg S; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6273. 14. Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Yelland L, Quinlivan J, Ryan P; DOMInO Investigative Team. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(15):1675-1683. 15. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):2015-2026. 16. Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, Naccarelli GV, Pratt CM. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent 462
symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(21):2363-2372.
25. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(10):1024-1033. 26. Mozaffarian D, Marchioli R, Macchia A, et al; OPERA Investigators. Fish oil and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2001-2011. 27. Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Miller PE, Thomas PR, Dwyer JT. Why US adults use dietary supplements. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):355-361. 28. Messori A, Fadda V, Maratea D, Trippoli S. ω-3 Fatty acid supplements for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: from “no proof of effectiveness” to “proof of no effectiveness.” JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(15):1466-1468. 29. Tatsioni A, Bonitsis NG, Ioannidis JP. Persistence of contradicted claims in the literature. JAMA. 2007;298(21):2517-2526. 30. Council for Responsible Nutrition. The benefits of nutritional supplements. 2012. http://www.crnusa.org/benefits/. Accessed June 30, 2013.
Use and Yield of Endoscopy in Patients With Uncomplicated Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder Practice guidelines recommend esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) screening for Barrett esophagus (BE) or esophageal cancer for patients with uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), especially in high-risk patients (symptoms for >5 years, white Invited Commentary page 465 race, male sex, age >50 years, and family history of BE or esophageal cancer).1,2 However, the extent of using screening EGD, its predictors, and diagnostic yield are unclear. We aimed to determine prevalence, predictors, and yield of
JAMA Internal Medicine March 2014 Volume 174, Number 3
Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Downloaded From: http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/ by a Florida International University Medical Library User on 07/28/2015
jamainternalmedicine.com
Letters
Table. Demographic, Clinical, Clinical Care, and Facility Determinants of Receiving EGD in the First-Year Follow-up After GERD Diagnosis and Being Diagnosed as Having BE or E/GC on That EGD Adjusted OR (95% CI) At Least 1 EGD in Year After GERD Diagnosis
Factor
Yes (n = 36 502; 7.3%)
No (n = 462 571; 92.7%)
BE Yes (n = 7772; 10.1%)
E/GC No (n = 69 318; 89.9%)
Yes (n = 625; 0.8%)
No (n = 76 465; 99.2%)
Demographic Year of diagnosis 2004
1 [Reference]
1 [Reference]
1 [Reference]
2005
1.04 (1.00-1.08)
1.19 (1.11-1.27)
1.36 (1.08-1.71)
2006
1.15 (1.10-1.20)
1.07 (0.98-1.16)
1.44 (1.13-1.84)
2007
1.18 (1.12-1.24)
1.09 (0.98-1.22)
1.20 (0.87-1.66)
2008
1.22 (1.16-1.28)
1.11 (0.98-1.25)
1.76 (1.33-2.34)
2009
1.30 (1.22-1.38)
0.99 (0.87-1.12)
1.99 (1.59-2.50)
Age, y
