original
communications
Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels
of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture13 Anthony
H.
Tung-Ching
R.
Cheng,
Lee,
Ph.D.,
Ph.D.,
Ariel
Fernando
ABSTRACT
The
protein
and old adult human weight per day from
held
constant
at 40
period.
No
significant
protein
use
or the
not
impaired
body
weight were
to adapt
by the aging
‘From the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 and Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Sede Santiago
Chile.
Supported in part by the Northeastern Research Project (NE-73), Nutritional in Northeastern Region, and in part by
Agricultural cultural
University 02881.
12
Experiment
Experiment Address reprint of
Rhode
Station.
Station requests Island,
The American
Rhode
Regional Improvement Rhode Island
Island
Agri-
Contribution No. 1702. to: Dr. C. 0. Chichester, Kingston,
Journal
and the
per
Rhode
of Clinical
Island
Nutrition
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
day
C. 0.
efficiency
in
that
the
process.
protein
the
Ph.D. use
11-day
protein
intake
protein Am.
Chichester, of
their
of protein
Ph.D.,
were
(N x 6.25) of 0.4, 0.8, mixture were fed. Caloric
throughout
observed
It is concluded
use are not affected
2
and
to changes
Previous studies (1-9) concerned with protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use of the aged are difficult to compare with studies on young adults. For example, Kountz et al. (1-4) on the basis of nitrogen studies indicated that the elderly needed higher protein intake of 1.6 to 2.0 g/kg per day from a self-selected diet ad libitum in order to keep in nitrogen equilibrium. Albanese et al. (5) found that nine women, 66 to 94 years old, maintained good health on a self-selected institutional diet in which a mean protein intake of 0.6
Sur, Santiago,
G. Bergan,
M.D.,
requirement
differences aged.
James
subjects. Protein intake levels a combination wheat-soy-milk
kcal/kg ability
in the
M.S.,
Monckeberg,
young body
protein
Gomez,
study
Chit.
Nuir.
digestibility
and
the
31:
12-22,
in
dietary
efficiency
Protein
requirement J.
of each
requirement,
levels.
studied
and 1.6 g/kg intake was
efficiency
of was of
1978.
to 0.8 g/kg per day was offered. Robert et al. (6) found that an average protein intake of 43 g/day or a mean of 0.88 g/kg per day from a self-selected diet ad libitum would keep their elderly subjects in nitrogen equilibrium. In contrast with the above findings, Watkin (7) reported that elderly people could achieve nitrogen equilibrium with a rice and fruit diet which provided about 0.35 g protein per kilogram per day. Horwitt (8) found no difference between old and young subjects in achieving nitrogen balance on 6.5 g N/day intake over several months duration. Furthermore, Silverstone et al. (9) found no significant difference between elderly and middle-aged men in their ability to adapt to changes in level of dietary protein intake. The conflicting results in the interpretation of any difference on the protein requirement among young adults and the aged likely arises from the kind of test diet used, the quality of protein presented in the diet, the caloric intake and the lack of simultaneous study of both groups. Hence, the pri31:
JANUARY
1978,
pp.
12-22.
Printed
in U.S.A.
COMPARATIVE
NITROGEN
mary purpose of the present study is to ascertain whether the protein requirement of the aged are lower, even, or higher than those for young adults and to determine any changes in the efficiency of protein use with advancing age when experimental variations are minimized.
Materials
and methods
Subjects Eight young male prisoners from “Penitenciaria” seven elderly male volunteers from a local nursing home in Santiago, Chile, participated in this study. Before admission to the metabolic ward of “Hospital Neurocirugia” in Santiago, all subjects were interviewed by a physician and a research dietitian. Their health was evaluated by their medical history, routine blood chemistry, chest x-ray and electrocardiogram. All were in healthy condition and free from disabling clinical abnormalities. and
Throughout close
the
medical
subjects
were
blood
experiment,
and
pressures
nursing
the
care.
weighed
and
were
measured
subjects
Before
body
received
breakfast
the
temperature daily.
and
The
subjects
maintained their daily activities without unusual cal exercise. A daily record was kept by each in which the amount of sleep and other personal were
noted
as
well
weight
and height
Design
of the experiment
Three
separate
are
studies
Period A. Subjects alent to 0.8 g/kg body Period B. Subjects alent to 0.4 g/kg body
TABLE Description
L.P. J.I. J.J. RB. J.A. O.C. JR. L.N. Aged C.P. F.P. E.F. E.M. L.C. M.I. P.A.
daily routines. in Table 1.
were
conducted
age,
as follows:
received
a protein
weight received
per day for a protein
weight/day
The
intake
equiv-
11 days. intake equiv11 days.
for
Period C. Subjects alent to 1.6 g/kg body
received
a protein
intake
equiv-
weight/day the first
for 11 days. In all three studies, 6 days were for the adaptation period and the remaining 5 days were for metabolic study. The levels of protein intake tested were chosen to produce a range from a distinctly positive nitrogen balance in all subjects to negative nitrogen balance in all or some individuals. Throughout the study, total caloric intake varied among individuals but was held constant for each subject at 40 kcal/kg body weight per day in order to meet the energy requirement suggested by NAS-NRC Recommended Dietary Allowance (10). Between each dietary period the subject received the regular hospital diet ad libitum for 3 days to adjust their appetites and prevent diet fatigue.
Experimental A
milk
diet substitute
entitled
“Fortesan”
developed in Chile during the past four wheat-soy-milk mixture has been reported instantly and to be of good protein quality
has
been
years. This to dissolve
(11). In the present study, a modified formula was used which contained 70% wheat-soy blend (WSB), 25% nonfat dry milk solid and 5% cacao powder. The ingredients were mixed thoroughly and served as the sole source of dietary protein intake. The composition, proximate analysis, mineral and vitamin content of this experimental regimen are shown in Table 2. The liquid protein diet was prepared with different ingredients to provide the protein and caloric intake (Table 3). Protein (N x 6.25) calories were 8.0% for period A, 4.0% for period B, and 15.8% for period
C. Additional
caloric
was
by
adjusted
intake
to supply
individual
needs
consumption of nonnitrogen wafers made of corn starch, sugar and artificial flavors. Deionized water was permitted ad libitum and recorded. The diet was prepared in the hospital kitchen according to the formula and served in four equal meals a day at
1 of subjects
Subjects
Young
the shown
as
physisubject details
13
BALANCE
Age
Weight
Height
yr
kg
cm
24 24 28 29 29 23 23 24
66.6 63.8 58.8 72.2 62.5 77.8 73.0 57.6
175 165 168 164 166 165 175 169
2.63 2.59 2.86 2.27 2.66 2.12 2.40 2.93
2660 2570 2350 2900 2500 3030 2920 2300
1.50 1.34 1.19 1.69 1.31 1.78 1.57 1.36
61 68 69 72 73 60 65
70.7 78.0 47.5 68.2 52.3 52.3 62.1
164 168 166 158 168 165 165
2.34 2.15 3.50 2.32 3.21 3.15 2.66
2800 3120 1900 2730 2010 2010 2500
1.57 1.90 1.14 1.48 1.27 1.32 1.36
kcal/day
Creatinine g/day
adults
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
14
CHENG
TABLE 2 Composition the experimental wheat-soy-milk Wheat-soy Non-fat
dry
and
proximate analysis diet - a combination mixture”
blend’ milkr
70% 25% 5% 23.1% 5.4% 4.9% 2.8% 4.5% 59.3% 4.2%
Carbohydrate g
100 g of wheat-soy-milk
735 799
Iron
refrigerated
mg mg
mg mg 3 mg 525 mg 70 mg 400 mg 204 mg 0.1 mg 32 mg 117OIU 101 IU 140 IU 28 mg 1.9 mg 0.002 mg
B, B,2 D E C acid
the
Nestle
8:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00, breakfast each subject consumed quirements
vitamins of
Allowance (10). eral supplements Collection
the
Company,
and
for total protein, (A/G) ratio and
analyzed
albumin/globulin
analysis of this wheat-soy-milk mixture nitrogen content, moisture, lipid content, content, and caloric determination were by the methods reported in the official
and
minerals
to meet
and blood
experimental
Diet A/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk
Inc.,
the
3 of the
liquid
diet
for adults and aged receiving three levels of protein intake at 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight per day, respectively”
re-
Dietary and min-
samples
Cane
sugarb
Corn
oil”
(0.8 mixture
kcal Diet B/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk Cane sugar Corn oil kcal
(0.4
Cane Corn kcal
(1.6
Each subject received daily that contained
to each
mg ascorbic acid, 10 pyrodoxine of mineral
subject
daily
g/kg/day)
30 g 10 g ig 174.3
sugar oil
vitamin D, 75 mg pantolenic chloride, 2 mg flavin. A tablet
g/kg/day)
10 g 10 g 2g 98.5
mixture
#{176}
ments
g/kg/day) 15 g 10 g 2g 119.5
mixture
Diet C/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk
respectively. Before tablets containing
NAS-NRC Recommended The composition of vitamin are shown in Table 3.
of excreta
fitted
content with
Proximate including ash, fiber determined
Chile.
supplemental
tightly
methods
TABLE Formula
Universidad de Chile, Sede Santiago Sur, Santiago, Chile. ES Wheat-Soy Blend was made by A.D.M. Milling Company, Kansas City, Mo. The product contains 73.3% bulgur wheat, 20.0% defatted soy flour, 4.0% soy oil, and 2.6% vitamins and minerals. C Nonfat dry milk was purchased from the Danish Creamery Association, Fresno, Calif. 93766. SI CaSantiago,
with
Analytical
All the raw materials were obtained from el Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos,
from
centrifuge
albumin, globulin, serum urea.
123 330
purchased
cartons
5-day
blood glucose were determined on anticoagulated samples. Serum was separated from the whole blood in a
#{176}
was
of each
were collected
distilled water using a blender and frozen for subsequent analysis. Two fasting blood samples were drawn from the subject’s antecubital vein at the beginning of the experiment and on the completion of each dietary period. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell counts, and
62 mg
Folocin
cao
beginning
fecal samples
mixture:
Calcium Phosphate Sodium Potassium Zinc Iodine Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin Vitamin VitaminA Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Pantolenic
the
lids. The samples were weighed daily and total of individual fecal samples were homogenized
Protein Lipid Ash Fiber Moisture
In each
AL.
a fecal marker to indicate collection period. Five-day in labeled circular plastic
of
Cacao”
kcal/100
ET
a tablet of vitamin supple3600 IU vitamin A, 400 IU acid, 0.1 mg folic acid, 5 mg niacin, chloride, supplements
contained
2 and
mg 1.2 also
thiamine mg riboprovided
1.0 g calcium,
1.0 g
During the five day metabolic period 24-hr collections of urine were obtained, preserved under toluene
phosphorus, g copper,
after acidification a glass container urine collection was frozen for was determined
0.00108 g zinc. Sodium tum. The vitamin and
chloride mineral
by Laboratorio Santiago, Chile.
S.A., Formulario Nacional, sugar was purchased from
for completeness Carmine
dye
with hydrochloric acid, and stored in with a tightly fitted cap. Each 24-hr was pooled, measured, and an aliquot later analysis. Total urinary creatinine daily on individual samples as a check
of the 24-hr capsules
collection.
(1 .0 g) were
Cray
to serve
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
as
Sugar
Corn oil los Productos
C
given
0.239 0.00018
g magnesium, 0.018 g iron, g iodine, 0.0024 g manganese,
Chile, IS
Cane
Company,
was
purchased Agricolas,
Inc., from Santiago,
0.0024 and
was allowed ad libitablets were made
Valparaiso, Industria Chile.
Chile. Chilena
de
COMPARATIVE
NITROGEN
15
BALANCE
Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (12). Nitrogen content of a food aliquot, urine, and feces was determined by the modified boric acid macroKjeldahl method (12). The parameters used to measure protein utilization were nitrogen balance and apparent digestibility.
diet with little difficulty or discomfort. Subject OC escaped from the hospital after the first two studies, so only seven subjects completed the last dietary period in the young adult group.
Hematocrit, were determined
hemoglobin, according
Body rating
in the serum
for Nutrition albumin, and
“Manual protein,
by the standard glucose
was
and red blood to the methods Survey”
cell counts published (13).
determined
by
the
method
of
Solomos
was analyzed by the method of Folin and Wu (17). A regular Student’s t test and linear regression analysis were applied for statistical analysis. Differences were considered significant when the P value was less than 5%.
Blood
and
acceptability
During the pilot study there were few complaints, and an occasional report of gastric discomfort and diarrhea usually occurred during period B when the subjects received the hypoprotein intake. However, most of the subjects adjusted to the liquid
of young adults wheat-soy-milk
analysis
and aged mixture
receiving
three
Protein
intake
levels
level
P value’
Measurements” 0.4
Young adults Hematocrit Hemoglobin Red blood
medical
Table 4 summarizes the results of blood analysis for both age groups. Regression analysis showed no changes attributable to experimental variation in total protein intake levels in the measurement of hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell counts, blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio. Within individual groups, mean blood urea nitrogen levels tended to increase with increasing levels of
Results
TABLE 4 Measurements of blood components of protein intake from a combination
pressure,
Body weight of individual subjects remained relatively constant throughout the studies. Mean blood pressure values were not significantly different and were within the normal range. Medical ratings and the results of the clinical urinalysis were normal at the end of each dietary period.
(15). Urinary urea and serum urea were measured according to the modified urease assay published by Sigma Chemical Company (16). Urinary creatinine
Food
blood
Total
globulin were measured of Wolfson et al. (14). Blood
methods
weight,
(%)
g/kglday
52.1 18.4 5.98 1.09 6.43 4.06 2.49 2.01 4.88
(g/100 ml) cells x 10’ Glucose (g/100 ml) Total protein (g/100 ml) Albumin (g/100 ml) Globulin (g/100 ml) A/G ratio Urea (mg/100 ml)
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.8
g/kg/day
1.5” 0.5 0.09 0.02 0.17 0.28 0.28 0.48 0.07
52.0 18.9 6.05 1.10 6.55 4.69 1.74 3.32 5.81
±
1.5 0.5 0.16 0.01 0.26 0.07 0.31 0.16 0.07
46.4 15.8 5.45 1.17 7.08 3.25 3.87 0.99 3.19
±
1.6
1.0 0.4 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.26 0.63 0.12
50.1 17.6 5.82 1.06 6.56 3.89 2.68 1.47 6.64
±
1.3 0.3 0.15
± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
g/kg/day
±
1.4 0.4 0.14 0.02 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.09
NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD
±
0.10
communications
Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels
of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture13 Anthony
H.
Tung-Ching
R.
Cheng,
Lee,
Ph.D.,
Ph.D.,
Ariel
Fernando
ABSTRACT
The
protein
and old adult human weight per day from
held
constant
at 40
period.
No
significant
protein
use
or the
not
impaired
body
weight were
to adapt
by the aging
‘From the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 and Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Sede Santiago
Chile.
Supported in part by the Northeastern Research Project (NE-73), Nutritional in Northeastern Region, and in part by
Agricultural cultural
University 02881.
12
Experiment
Experiment Address reprint of
Rhode
Station.
Station requests Island,
The American
Rhode
Regional Improvement Rhode Island
Island
Agri-
Contribution No. 1702. to: Dr. C. 0. Chichester, Kingston,
Journal
and the
per
Rhode
of Clinical
Island
Nutrition
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
day
C. 0.
efficiency
in
that
the
process.
protein
the
Ph.D. use
11-day
protein
intake
protein Am.
Chichester, of
their
of protein
Ph.D.,
were
(N x 6.25) of 0.4, 0.8, mixture were fed. Caloric
throughout
observed
It is concluded
use are not affected
2
and
to changes
Previous studies (1-9) concerned with protein requirement and the efficiency of protein use of the aged are difficult to compare with studies on young adults. For example, Kountz et al. (1-4) on the basis of nitrogen studies indicated that the elderly needed higher protein intake of 1.6 to 2.0 g/kg per day from a self-selected diet ad libitum in order to keep in nitrogen equilibrium. Albanese et al. (5) found that nine women, 66 to 94 years old, maintained good health on a self-selected institutional diet in which a mean protein intake of 0.6
Sur, Santiago,
G. Bergan,
M.D.,
requirement
differences aged.
James
subjects. Protein intake levels a combination wheat-soy-milk
kcal/kg ability
in the
M.S.,
Monckeberg,
young body
protein
Gomez,
study
Chit.
Nuir.
digestibility
and
the
31:
12-22,
in
dietary
efficiency
Protein
requirement J.
of each
requirement,
levels.
studied
and 1.6 g/kg intake was
efficiency
of was of
1978.
to 0.8 g/kg per day was offered. Robert et al. (6) found that an average protein intake of 43 g/day or a mean of 0.88 g/kg per day from a self-selected diet ad libitum would keep their elderly subjects in nitrogen equilibrium. In contrast with the above findings, Watkin (7) reported that elderly people could achieve nitrogen equilibrium with a rice and fruit diet which provided about 0.35 g protein per kilogram per day. Horwitt (8) found no difference between old and young subjects in achieving nitrogen balance on 6.5 g N/day intake over several months duration. Furthermore, Silverstone et al. (9) found no significant difference between elderly and middle-aged men in their ability to adapt to changes in level of dietary protein intake. The conflicting results in the interpretation of any difference on the protein requirement among young adults and the aged likely arises from the kind of test diet used, the quality of protein presented in the diet, the caloric intake and the lack of simultaneous study of both groups. Hence, the pri31:
JANUARY
1978,
pp.
12-22.
Printed
in U.S.A.
COMPARATIVE
NITROGEN
mary purpose of the present study is to ascertain whether the protein requirement of the aged are lower, even, or higher than those for young adults and to determine any changes in the efficiency of protein use with advancing age when experimental variations are minimized.
Materials
and methods
Subjects Eight young male prisoners from “Penitenciaria” seven elderly male volunteers from a local nursing home in Santiago, Chile, participated in this study. Before admission to the metabolic ward of “Hospital Neurocirugia” in Santiago, all subjects were interviewed by a physician and a research dietitian. Their health was evaluated by their medical history, routine blood chemistry, chest x-ray and electrocardiogram. All were in healthy condition and free from disabling clinical abnormalities. and
Throughout close
the
medical
subjects
were
blood
experiment,
and
pressures
nursing
the
care.
weighed
and
were
measured
subjects
Before
body
received
breakfast
the
temperature daily.
and
The
subjects
maintained their daily activities without unusual cal exercise. A daily record was kept by each in which the amount of sleep and other personal were
noted
as
well
weight
and height
Design
of the experiment
Three
separate
are
studies
Period A. Subjects alent to 0.8 g/kg body Period B. Subjects alent to 0.4 g/kg body
TABLE Description
L.P. J.I. J.J. RB. J.A. O.C. JR. L.N. Aged C.P. F.P. E.F. E.M. L.C. M.I. P.A.
daily routines. in Table 1.
were
conducted
age,
as follows:
received
a protein
weight received
per day for a protein
weight/day
The
intake
equiv-
11 days. intake equiv11 days.
for
Period C. Subjects alent to 1.6 g/kg body
received
a protein
intake
equiv-
weight/day the first
for 11 days. In all three studies, 6 days were for the adaptation period and the remaining 5 days were for metabolic study. The levels of protein intake tested were chosen to produce a range from a distinctly positive nitrogen balance in all subjects to negative nitrogen balance in all or some individuals. Throughout the study, total caloric intake varied among individuals but was held constant for each subject at 40 kcal/kg body weight per day in order to meet the energy requirement suggested by NAS-NRC Recommended Dietary Allowance (10). Between each dietary period the subject received the regular hospital diet ad libitum for 3 days to adjust their appetites and prevent diet fatigue.
Experimental A
milk
diet substitute
entitled
“Fortesan”
developed in Chile during the past four wheat-soy-milk mixture has been reported instantly and to be of good protein quality
has
been
years. This to dissolve
(11). In the present study, a modified formula was used which contained 70% wheat-soy blend (WSB), 25% nonfat dry milk solid and 5% cacao powder. The ingredients were mixed thoroughly and served as the sole source of dietary protein intake. The composition, proximate analysis, mineral and vitamin content of this experimental regimen are shown in Table 2. The liquid protein diet was prepared with different ingredients to provide the protein and caloric intake (Table 3). Protein (N x 6.25) calories were 8.0% for period A, 4.0% for period B, and 15.8% for period
C. Additional
caloric
was
by
adjusted
intake
to supply
individual
needs
consumption of nonnitrogen wafers made of corn starch, sugar and artificial flavors. Deionized water was permitted ad libitum and recorded. The diet was prepared in the hospital kitchen according to the formula and served in four equal meals a day at
1 of subjects
Subjects
Young
the shown
as
physisubject details
13
BALANCE
Age
Weight
Height
yr
kg
cm
24 24 28 29 29 23 23 24
66.6 63.8 58.8 72.2 62.5 77.8 73.0 57.6
175 165 168 164 166 165 175 169
2.63 2.59 2.86 2.27 2.66 2.12 2.40 2.93
2660 2570 2350 2900 2500 3030 2920 2300
1.50 1.34 1.19 1.69 1.31 1.78 1.57 1.36
61 68 69 72 73 60 65
70.7 78.0 47.5 68.2 52.3 52.3 62.1
164 168 166 158 168 165 165
2.34 2.15 3.50 2.32 3.21 3.15 2.66
2800 3120 1900 2730 2010 2010 2500
1.57 1.90 1.14 1.48 1.27 1.32 1.36
kcal/day
Creatinine g/day
adults
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
14
CHENG
TABLE 2 Composition the experimental wheat-soy-milk Wheat-soy Non-fat
dry
and
proximate analysis diet - a combination mixture”
blend’ milkr
70% 25% 5% 23.1% 5.4% 4.9% 2.8% 4.5% 59.3% 4.2%
Carbohydrate g
100 g of wheat-soy-milk
735 799
Iron
refrigerated
mg mg
mg mg 3 mg 525 mg 70 mg 400 mg 204 mg 0.1 mg 32 mg 117OIU 101 IU 140 IU 28 mg 1.9 mg 0.002 mg
B, B,2 D E C acid
the
Nestle
8:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00, breakfast each subject consumed quirements
vitamins of
Allowance (10). eral supplements Collection
the
Company,
and
for total protein, (A/G) ratio and
analyzed
albumin/globulin
analysis of this wheat-soy-milk mixture nitrogen content, moisture, lipid content, content, and caloric determination were by the methods reported in the official
and
minerals
to meet
and blood
experimental
Diet A/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk
Inc.,
the
3 of the
liquid
diet
for adults and aged receiving three levels of protein intake at 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight per day, respectively”
re-
Dietary and min-
samples
Cane
sugarb
Corn
oil”
(0.8 mixture
kcal Diet B/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk Cane sugar Corn oil kcal
(0.4
Cane Corn kcal
(1.6
Each subject received daily that contained
to each
mg ascorbic acid, 10 pyrodoxine of mineral
subject
daily
g/kg/day)
30 g 10 g ig 174.3
sugar oil
vitamin D, 75 mg pantolenic chloride, 2 mg flavin. A tablet
g/kg/day)
10 g 10 g 2g 98.5
mixture
#{176}
ments
g/kg/day) 15 g 10 g 2g 119.5
mixture
Diet C/100 ml Wheat-soy-milk
respectively. Before tablets containing
NAS-NRC Recommended The composition of vitamin are shown in Table 3.
of excreta
fitted
content with
Proximate including ash, fiber determined
Chile.
supplemental
tightly
methods
TABLE Formula
Universidad de Chile, Sede Santiago Sur, Santiago, Chile. ES Wheat-Soy Blend was made by A.D.M. Milling Company, Kansas City, Mo. The product contains 73.3% bulgur wheat, 20.0% defatted soy flour, 4.0% soy oil, and 2.6% vitamins and minerals. C Nonfat dry milk was purchased from the Danish Creamery Association, Fresno, Calif. 93766. SI CaSantiago,
with
Analytical
All the raw materials were obtained from el Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos,
from
centrifuge
albumin, globulin, serum urea.
123 330
purchased
cartons
5-day
blood glucose were determined on anticoagulated samples. Serum was separated from the whole blood in a
#{176}
was
of each
were collected
distilled water using a blender and frozen for subsequent analysis. Two fasting blood samples were drawn from the subject’s antecubital vein at the beginning of the experiment and on the completion of each dietary period. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell counts, and
62 mg
Folocin
cao
beginning
fecal samples
mixture:
Calcium Phosphate Sodium Potassium Zinc Iodine Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin Vitamin VitaminA Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Pantolenic
the
lids. The samples were weighed daily and total of individual fecal samples were homogenized
Protein Lipid Ash Fiber Moisture
In each
AL.
a fecal marker to indicate collection period. Five-day in labeled circular plastic
of
Cacao”
kcal/100
ET
a tablet of vitamin supple3600 IU vitamin A, 400 IU acid, 0.1 mg folic acid, 5 mg niacin, chloride, supplements
contained
2 and
mg 1.2 also
thiamine mg riboprovided
1.0 g calcium,
1.0 g
During the five day metabolic period 24-hr collections of urine were obtained, preserved under toluene
phosphorus, g copper,
after acidification a glass container urine collection was frozen for was determined
0.00108 g zinc. Sodium tum. The vitamin and
chloride mineral
by Laboratorio Santiago, Chile.
S.A., Formulario Nacional, sugar was purchased from
for completeness Carmine
dye
with hydrochloric acid, and stored in with a tightly fitted cap. Each 24-hr was pooled, measured, and an aliquot later analysis. Total urinary creatinine daily on individual samples as a check
of the 24-hr capsules
collection.
(1 .0 g) were
Cray
to serve
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/31/1/12/4650556 by guest on 07 February 2018
as
Sugar
Corn oil los Productos
C
given
0.239 0.00018
g magnesium, 0.018 g iron, g iodine, 0.0024 g manganese,
Chile, IS
Cane
Company,
was
purchased Agricolas,
Inc., from Santiago,
0.0024 and
was allowed ad libitablets were made
Valparaiso, Industria Chile.
Chile. Chilena
de
COMPARATIVE
NITROGEN
15
BALANCE
Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (12). Nitrogen content of a food aliquot, urine, and feces was determined by the modified boric acid macroKjeldahl method (12). The parameters used to measure protein utilization were nitrogen balance and apparent digestibility.
diet with little difficulty or discomfort. Subject OC escaped from the hospital after the first two studies, so only seven subjects completed the last dietary period in the young adult group.
Hematocrit, were determined
hemoglobin, according
Body rating
in the serum
for Nutrition albumin, and
“Manual protein,
by the standard glucose
was
and red blood to the methods Survey”
cell counts published (13).
determined
by
the
method
of
Solomos
was analyzed by the method of Folin and Wu (17). A regular Student’s t test and linear regression analysis were applied for statistical analysis. Differences were considered significant when the P value was less than 5%.
Blood
and
acceptability
During the pilot study there were few complaints, and an occasional report of gastric discomfort and diarrhea usually occurred during period B when the subjects received the hypoprotein intake. However, most of the subjects adjusted to the liquid
of young adults wheat-soy-milk
analysis
and aged mixture
receiving
three
Protein
intake
levels
level
P value’
Measurements” 0.4
Young adults Hematocrit Hemoglobin Red blood
medical
Table 4 summarizes the results of blood analysis for both age groups. Regression analysis showed no changes attributable to experimental variation in total protein intake levels in the measurement of hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell counts, blood glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio. Within individual groups, mean blood urea nitrogen levels tended to increase with increasing levels of
Results
TABLE 4 Measurements of blood components of protein intake from a combination
pressure,
Body weight of individual subjects remained relatively constant throughout the studies. Mean blood pressure values were not significantly different and were within the normal range. Medical ratings and the results of the clinical urinalysis were normal at the end of each dietary period.
(15). Urinary urea and serum urea were measured according to the modified urease assay published by Sigma Chemical Company (16). Urinary creatinine
Food
blood
Total
globulin were measured of Wolfson et al. (14). Blood
methods
weight,
(%)
g/kglday
52.1 18.4 5.98 1.09 6.43 4.06 2.49 2.01 4.88
(g/100 ml) cells x 10’ Glucose (g/100 ml) Total protein (g/100 ml) Albumin (g/100 ml) Globulin (g/100 ml) A/G ratio Urea (mg/100 ml)
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.8
g/kg/day
1.5” 0.5 0.09 0.02 0.17 0.28 0.28 0.48 0.07
52.0 18.9 6.05 1.10 6.55 4.69 1.74 3.32 5.81
±
1.5 0.5 0.16 0.01 0.26 0.07 0.31 0.16 0.07
46.4 15.8 5.45 1.17 7.08 3.25 3.87 0.99 3.19
±
1.6
1.0 0.4 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.26 0.63 0.12
50.1 17.6 5.82 1.06 6.56 3.89 2.68 1.47 6.64
±
1.3 0.3 0.15
± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
g/kg/day
±
1.4 0.4 0.14 0.02 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.09
NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD NSD
±
0.10
