www.scielo.br/jaos
+-::; C among the treatments, the time points and interaction between the factors for both deionized /
>
127@11B1C-37
!" ' !()*
',/ 3 the different periods
',/ 13 the different periods h, respectively (Figure 2). # = into the water and saliva, respectively. The peak 7 of contact, but the varnishes were still releasing
#= )4 (except for # ''(% than the NaF varnishes along 6 h in water and 1/2, 7 8
there was some dose–dependency relationship between the fluoride concentration of the experimental varnishes and the amounts of released
/ / 6 h. The TiF4 into the water than NaF varnishes for all tested #= !) #% saliva, the TiF4 than the respective NaF varnishes for 6, 9 and 12 J Appl Oral Sci.
140
127@11B1C-37
* /% %$ D/% $%0 ;+0 '4 F'
Table 1-> each time point I
8
>
1
1.55% TiF4
3.68(0.55)bB
2.73(0.62)aAB
7.59(1.85)cC
3.74(1.35)aB
2.16(0.27)aAB
1.37(0.21)aA
3.10% TiF4
5.42(1.52)bBC
7.05(2.72)bCD
20.12(3.94)dE
8.58(1.20)bD
4.09(0.70)bAB
2.92(1.04)aA
4.00% TiF4
4.75(0.87)bA
4.48(2.00)bA
26.85(5.26)eD
13.12(2.22)cC
6.95(1.17)cB
3.33(0.57)bA
2.10% NaF
0.93(0.47)aA
1.32(0.83)aA
3.60(1.88)aB
2.20(0.78)aAB
1.65(0.71)aAB
1.01(0.54)aA
4.20% NaF
0.92(0.30)aA
1.39(0.27)aA
5.42(1.73)abBC
5.59(1.63)aBC
5.95(1.58)bcC
3.77(0.99)bB
5.42% NaF
aA
bcC
3.63(0.83)bB
1.36(0.35)
Control
0.16(0.01)
1.79(0.65)
aAB
0.15(0.02)
7.20(1.50)
bcC
0.11(0.00)
7.55(1.23)
bC
0.09(0.00)
6.21(1.06)
0.14(0.00)
0.15(0.01)
per column), per !"#$&'#*; ;;; '( NaF varnishes was evaluated. The authors observed E three NaF varnishes reached a plateau at the E ! % for 8 h. In a clinical scenario, it is important to determine
Furthermore, it is also important to establish critical time point considering the instructions that should application21. We have to keep in mind that there are differences between the laboratory study and clinical trials. Oral functions-such as salivation, swallowing and chewing-in addition to brushing and
in vitroD / release and the return to the baseline levels may be faster in a clinical setting6,7. An in situ model / / q> occurred in enamel samples located only in the / transfer via saliva was strictly limited to the close neighborhood1. Clinically, it may mean that all sites K be directly treated with the varnish. / in vivo. Considering that the lowest F concentrated varnish was unable to point out differences between both fluoride salts, it would be suggested to compare only 3% and 4% TiF4 varnishes with the correspondent NaF varnishes in a further clinical trial. There are two hypotheses that could explain this result: TiF4 varnish is only effective in releasing
higher than 1.55% or NaF at high concentration !'(/ ' E=(% / bioavailability. Further studies should be conducted Finally, the present results help to explain
J Appl Oral Sci.
CONCLUSIONS The 3.10% and 4% TiF4-based varnishes have C) varnishes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present study was supported by scholarships (LPC #2011/11263-7 and BMS #2010/07001-4) from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and grant(s) from FAPESP (#2012/20698-0) and C G I Development (CNPq) (#305035/2011-8).
REFERENCES 1- Attin T, Lennon AM, Yakin M, Becker K, Buchalla W, Attin R, G 2007;11(1):83-8. 2- Attin T, Schaller HG, Hellwig E. Fluoride uptake in dentin with G 1997;1(3):125-30. 3- Buchalla W, Attin T, Schulte-Monting J, Hellwig E. Fluoride uptake, retention, and remineralization efficacy of a highly in situ. J Dent Res. 2002;81(5):329-33. 4- Buzalaf MA, Pessan JP, Honório HM, ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of S I =$##D==& 114. 5- Carvalho DM, Salazar M, Oliveira BH, Coutinho ES. Fluoride varnishes and decrease in caries incidence in preschool children: a systematic review. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2010;13(1):139-49. 6- Castillo JL, Milgrom P, Kharasch E, Izutsu K, Fey M. Evaluation J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1)1389-92. 7- Castillo JL, Milgrom P. Fluoride release from varnishes in two in vitro protocols. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(12):1696-9. 8- Comar LP, Wiegand A, Moron BM, Rios D, Buzalaf MA, Buchalla W, et al. In situ varnish and solution on carious demineralization of enamel. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012(4);120:342-8. 9- Eakle WS, Featherstone JD, Weintraub JA, Shain SG, Gansky SA. I
G =$$ED7=!8%&E8=> / / I
)4 in vitro. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54(5):279-81.
142
127@11B1C-37
* /% %$ D/% $%0 ;+0 '4 F'
12- Klimek J, Hellwig E, Ahrens G. Fluoride taken up by plaque, compounds in vitro. Caries Res. 1982;16(2):156-61. 13- Magalhães AC, Comar LP, Rios D, Delbem AC, Buzalaf MA. Effect of a 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish on demineralisation and remineralisation of bovine enamel in vitro. J Dent. 2008;36(2):158-62. 14- Magalhães AC, Wiegand A, Rios D, Buzalaf MA, Lussi A. Fluoride in dental erosion. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:158-70. 15- Margolis HC, Moreno EC. Physiochemical perspectives on the Res. 1990;69:606-13. 16- Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD002279. 17- Marinho VC, Worthington HV, Walsh T, Clarkson JE. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD002279. #> / / ) > chewing gum. Caries Res. 1987;21(5):393-401. 19- Petersson LG, Twetman S, Dahlgren H, Norlund A, Holm AK, C / J caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials. Acta Odontol Scand. 2004;62(3):170-6. 20- Ribeiro CC, Gibson I, Barbosa MA. The uptake of titanium ions by hydroxyapatite particles-structural changes and possible mechanisms. Biomaterials. 2006;27(9):1749-61.
J Appl Oral Sci.
21- Ritwik P, Aubel JD, Xu X, Fan Y, Hagan J. Evaluation of short G J 2012;36(3):275-8. 22- Saxegaard E, Rölla G. Fluoride acquisition on and in human enamel during topical application in vitro. Scand J Dent Res. 1988;96(6):523-35. 23- Twetman S, Sköld-Larsson K, Modéer T. Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and separate gland secretions after topical Scand. 1999;57(7):263-6. =E> caries. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:146-57. 25- Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Jue B, Shain S, Hoover CI, ) / ) childhood caries. J Dent Res. 2006;85(2):172-6. 26- Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Donly / ) / & summary of the updated clinical recommendations and supporting systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(11):1279-91. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(12):1335. 27- Wiegand A, Krieger C, Attin R, Hellwig E, Attin T. Fluoride uptake and resistance to further demineralisation of demineralised enamel after application of differently concentrated acidulated G =$$'D
+-::; C among the treatments, the time points and interaction between the factors for both deionized /
>
127@11B1C-37
!" ' !()*
',/ 3 the different periods
',/ 13 the different periods h, respectively (Figure 2). # = into the water and saliva, respectively. The peak 7 of contact, but the varnishes were still releasing
#= )4 (except for # ''(% than the NaF varnishes along 6 h in water and 1/2, 7 8
there was some dose–dependency relationship between the fluoride concentration of the experimental varnishes and the amounts of released
/ / 6 h. The TiF4 into the water than NaF varnishes for all tested #= !) #% saliva, the TiF4 than the respective NaF varnishes for 6, 9 and 12 J Appl Oral Sci.
140
127@11B1C-37
* /% %$ D/% $%0 ;+0 '4 F'
Table 1-> each time point I
8
>
1
1.55% TiF4
3.68(0.55)bB
2.73(0.62)aAB
7.59(1.85)cC
3.74(1.35)aB
2.16(0.27)aAB
1.37(0.21)aA
3.10% TiF4
5.42(1.52)bBC
7.05(2.72)bCD
20.12(3.94)dE
8.58(1.20)bD
4.09(0.70)bAB
2.92(1.04)aA
4.00% TiF4
4.75(0.87)bA
4.48(2.00)bA
26.85(5.26)eD
13.12(2.22)cC
6.95(1.17)cB
3.33(0.57)bA
2.10% NaF
0.93(0.47)aA
1.32(0.83)aA
3.60(1.88)aB
2.20(0.78)aAB
1.65(0.71)aAB
1.01(0.54)aA
4.20% NaF
0.92(0.30)aA
1.39(0.27)aA
5.42(1.73)abBC
5.59(1.63)aBC
5.95(1.58)bcC
3.77(0.99)bB
5.42% NaF
aA
bcC
3.63(0.83)bB
1.36(0.35)
Control
0.16(0.01)
1.79(0.65)
aAB
0.15(0.02)
7.20(1.50)
bcC
0.11(0.00)
7.55(1.23)
bC
0.09(0.00)
6.21(1.06)
0.14(0.00)
0.15(0.01)
per column), per !"#$&'#*; ;;; '( NaF varnishes was evaluated. The authors observed E three NaF varnishes reached a plateau at the E ! % for 8 h. In a clinical scenario, it is important to determine
Furthermore, it is also important to establish critical time point considering the instructions that should application21. We have to keep in mind that there are differences between the laboratory study and clinical trials. Oral functions-such as salivation, swallowing and chewing-in addition to brushing and
in vitroD / release and the return to the baseline levels may be faster in a clinical setting6,7. An in situ model / / q> occurred in enamel samples located only in the / transfer via saliva was strictly limited to the close neighborhood1. Clinically, it may mean that all sites K be directly treated with the varnish. / in vivo. Considering that the lowest F concentrated varnish was unable to point out differences between both fluoride salts, it would be suggested to compare only 3% and 4% TiF4 varnishes with the correspondent NaF varnishes in a further clinical trial. There are two hypotheses that could explain this result: TiF4 varnish is only effective in releasing
higher than 1.55% or NaF at high concentration !'(/ ' E=(% / bioavailability. Further studies should be conducted Finally, the present results help to explain
J Appl Oral Sci.
CONCLUSIONS The 3.10% and 4% TiF4-based varnishes have C) varnishes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present study was supported by scholarships (LPC #2011/11263-7 and BMS #2010/07001-4) from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and grant(s) from FAPESP (#2012/20698-0) and C G I Development (CNPq) (#305035/2011-8).
REFERENCES 1- Attin T, Lennon AM, Yakin M, Becker K, Buchalla W, Attin R, G 2007;11(1):83-8. 2- Attin T, Schaller HG, Hellwig E. Fluoride uptake in dentin with G 1997;1(3):125-30. 3- Buchalla W, Attin T, Schulte-Monting J, Hellwig E. Fluoride uptake, retention, and remineralization efficacy of a highly in situ. J Dent Res. 2002;81(5):329-33. 4- Buzalaf MA, Pessan JP, Honório HM, ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of S I =$##D==& 114. 5- Carvalho DM, Salazar M, Oliveira BH, Coutinho ES. Fluoride varnishes and decrease in caries incidence in preschool children: a systematic review. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2010;13(1):139-49. 6- Castillo JL, Milgrom P, Kharasch E, Izutsu K, Fey M. Evaluation J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1)1389-92. 7- Castillo JL, Milgrom P. Fluoride release from varnishes in two in vitro protocols. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(12):1696-9. 8- Comar LP, Wiegand A, Moron BM, Rios D, Buzalaf MA, Buchalla W, et al. In situ varnish and solution on carious demineralization of enamel. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012(4);120:342-8. 9- Eakle WS, Featherstone JD, Weintraub JA, Shain SG, Gansky SA. I
G =$$ED7=!8%&E8=> / / I
)4 in vitro. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54(5):279-81.
142
127@11B1C-37
* /% %$ D/% $%0 ;+0 '4 F'
12- Klimek J, Hellwig E, Ahrens G. Fluoride taken up by plaque, compounds in vitro. Caries Res. 1982;16(2):156-61. 13- Magalhães AC, Comar LP, Rios D, Delbem AC, Buzalaf MA. Effect of a 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish on demineralisation and remineralisation of bovine enamel in vitro. J Dent. 2008;36(2):158-62. 14- Magalhães AC, Wiegand A, Rios D, Buzalaf MA, Lussi A. Fluoride in dental erosion. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:158-70. 15- Margolis HC, Moreno EC. Physiochemical perspectives on the Res. 1990;69:606-13. 16- Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD002279. 17- Marinho VC, Worthington HV, Walsh T, Clarkson JE. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD002279. #> / / ) > chewing gum. Caries Res. 1987;21(5):393-401. 19- Petersson LG, Twetman S, Dahlgren H, Norlund A, Holm AK, C / J caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials. Acta Odontol Scand. 2004;62(3):170-6. 20- Ribeiro CC, Gibson I, Barbosa MA. The uptake of titanium ions by hydroxyapatite particles-structural changes and possible mechanisms. Biomaterials. 2006;27(9):1749-61.
J Appl Oral Sci.
21- Ritwik P, Aubel JD, Xu X, Fan Y, Hagan J. Evaluation of short G J 2012;36(3):275-8. 22- Saxegaard E, Rölla G. Fluoride acquisition on and in human enamel during topical application in vitro. Scand J Dent Res. 1988;96(6):523-35. 23- Twetman S, Sköld-Larsson K, Modéer T. Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and separate gland secretions after topical Scand. 1999;57(7):263-6. =E> caries. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:146-57. 25- Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Jue B, Shain S, Hoover CI, ) / ) childhood caries. J Dent Res. 2006;85(2):172-6. 26- Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Donly / ) / & summary of the updated clinical recommendations and supporting systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(11):1279-91. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(12):1335. 27- Wiegand A, Krieger C, Attin R, Hellwig E, Attin T. Fluoride uptake and resistance to further demineralisation of demineralised enamel after application of differently concentrated acidulated G =$$'D
