Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2014, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1–3
© 2014 American Psychological Association 1095-158X/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/prj0000064
EDITORIAL
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Improving Services for Parents With Psychiatric Disabilities: Three New Opportunities in the Field of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Judith A. Cook
Kim T. Mueser
University of Illinois at Chicago
Boston University
Research indicates that men and women with psychiatric disabilities are as likely to become parents as those without psychiatric disabilities. In one nationally representative household survey, of those respondents who met criteria for a psychiatric disorder in the previous 12 months, two thirds were mothers and over half were fathers (Nicholson, Biebel, Hinden, Henry, & Stier, 2001). However, these families are at high risk of parental disruption and child welfare involvement, with the prevalence of custody loss for parents with mental illness found to be as high as 60% to 80% in several studies (Nicholson et al., 2001; Seeman, 2012). Custody loss can result in negative mental health outcomes for both parents and children. Mothers and fathers may experience psychiatric symptom exacerbation, along with strong feelings of guilt, grief, and inadequacy (Ackerson, 2003; Reupert & Maybery, 2007), and children’s attachment behaviors, emotional growth, and social development may be impeded (Vorria et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001). Although parenthood and its many challenges are common among adults with mental illnesses, the field of psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) has had limited success at sustaining programs that serve this population (Cook & Steigman, 2000). This is so despite the existence, since the 1980s, of successful, coordinated care models that serve the needs of parents and children together (Hinden, Biebel, Nicholson, Henry, & KatzLeavy, 2006). Reasons for our field’s inability to sustain these programs are diverse and complex, including (a) the difficulty of braiding funding for integrated, multigenerational services; (b) a lack of workforce training and low provider competency for meeting the needs of parents and their children; (c) practitioners’ unfamiliarity with the education, child welfare, and court systems that interface with these families; (d) legal and regulatory barriers to serving children in programs for adults with psychiatric disabilities; and (d) stigma and discrimination experienced by parents with serious mental illnesses and their children. Another formidable barrier involves the myriad social problems faced by these families that are compounded by a parent’s psychiatric disability, including poverty, housing instability, unemployment, substance use, gender discrimination, and physical and sexual abuse (Jones, Macias, Gold, Barreira, & Fisher, 2008; McPherson, Delva, & Cranford, 2007; Reupert & Maybery, 2007; Styron, Pruett, McMahon, & Davidson, 2002). Despite these many challenges, recent developments in our field offer opportunities for an increased focus on serving parents with psychiatric disabilities and their children. One such trend is the growth of PSR programs that serve children and youth (Fitzgibbon, Cook, & Falcon, 2000; McKay et al., 2012). The new Certificate in Children’s Psychiatric Rehabilitation program (Ashenden, 2011) offers practitioners education and training to meet the needs of children and families. The certificate1 focuses on children’s resiliency and what young people want and need to function effectively in their local communities. The certificate’s emphasis on partnering with parents and caregivers lays a foundation for development of services that meet the needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities in PSR settings. Programs that seek to combine services for adults with those for children and youth will find themselves staffed by practitioners with the competencies and service system knowledge for serving entire families. This raises the question of how our field can support
1
https://netforum.avectra.com/eWeb/DynamicPage.aspx?SiteUSPRA&WebCodechildrencertificate
Judith A. Cook, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Kim T. Mueser, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Judith A. Cook, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, 4th Floor, M/C 912, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail: [email protected] 1
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
2
COOK AND MUESER
these programs’ efforts to take this next step in developing fully integrated PSR models for children, youth, and their parents with a serious mental illness (SMI). Another opportunity can be found in the recent growth of family services in PSR programs for veterans with serious mental health problems. The Veterans Administration’s (VA’s) new Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Services model explicitly includes family members in supporting veterans and acknowledges the need to deliver direct services to their spouses, children, and parents (Department of Veteran’s Affairs, 2011). There is evidence that veterans whose family members receive education and support in PSR programs are more likely to transition to lower intensity services and develop more supportive family relationships (Rosenheck, Neale, & Mohamed, 2010). The Veteran’s Health Administration Office of Mental Health Services continues to promote an array of services for veterans’ families, ranging from family engagement to problem-focused family consultation to intensive family counseling and therapy (Goldberg & Resnick, 2010). An explicit focus on the veteran as part of the larger family unit provides a context in which PSR programs can develop services for veterans who are parents with psychiatric disabilities. This raises the question of how the VA might enrich its partnership with the PSR field by supporting the development of new service delivery models for veteran parents with psychiatric disabilities. A third relevant trend is the emergence of a new generation of recovery-oriented PSR services for mothers and fathers (Nicholson, 2010). An upcoming special issue of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal will be devoted to articles describing program development and research on services for parents with psychiatric disabilities. Opportunities for enhanced services are provided in particular by self-help, peer support programs for parents with lived experience (Reupert & Maybery, 2011). Peer specialists who are parents themselves may be more apt to incorporate the parenting experience into their recovery coaching and mutual support activities with other peers (Salzer, Schwenk, & Brusilovskiy, 2010). This opportunity leads to a final question of whether it is time to explore integrating the fields of parent-to-parent peer specialists (Dixon et al., 2011) and mental health peer specialists (Chinman et al., 2013) to better serve families in PSR settings. This also extends to providing peer support for young people who act as caregivers for their parents with psychiatric disabilities (Grant, Repper, & Nolan, 2008). Parents with psychiatric disabilities take as much pride in child rearing and get as much satisfaction from child caretaking as other parents (Ackerson, 2003). Moreover, the role of parent has been reported to have a positive impact on the mental health of people with psychiatric disabilities (David, Styron, & Davidson, 2011; Evenson, Rhodes, Feigenbaum, & Solly, 2008). Mowbray, Oyserman, Bybee, MacFarlane, and Rueda-Riedle (2001) found that mothers with SMI reported increased self-confidence, substance use cessation, improved motivation for their own treatment, and increased awareness of illness-related concerns. Evenson and colleagues (2008) found that fathers with psychiatric disabilities reported that providing for their children gave them a sense of purpose and meaning in life, and made them try harder to recover from their mental health problems and change some of their unproductive coping strategies, such as being angry or aggressive. Given these important benefits and the opportunities described earlier, perhaps the moment is right to tackle (once again) the development of comprehensive, integrated, multigenerational PSR services for these families. If we are successful, people with psychiatric disabilities will be helped to parent successfully, avoid custody loss, and incorporate the parenting experience as an essential part of their recovery. Their children, in turn, will benefit from the availability of a full range of strengths-based services and supports, and a focus on promoting healthy, resilient families.
References Ackerson, B. J. (2003). Coping with the dual demands of severe mental illness and parenting: The parents’ perspective. Families in Society, 84, 109 –118. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.69 Ashenden, P. (2011). Letter from the chair. USPRA PsyR Connection, 3, 1–12. Chinman, M., Oberman, R. S., Hanusa, B. H., Cohen, A. N., Salyers, M. P., Twamley, E. W., & Young, A. S. (2013). A cluster randomized trial of adding peer specialists to intensive case management teams in the Veterans Health Administration. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/ s11414-013–9343-1 Cook, J. A., & Steigman, P. (2000). Experiences of parents with mental illness and their service needs. California Alliance for the Mentally Ill Journal, 11, 21–23. David, D. H., Styron, T., & Davidson, L. (2011). Supported parenting to meet the needs and concerns of mothers with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 14, 137–153. doi:10.1080/15487768.2011.569668 Department of Veteran’s Affairs. (2011). Psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery services. VHA Handbook 1163.01. Patient Care Services. Washington, DC: Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. Dixon, L. B., Lucksted, A., Medoff, D. R., Burland, J., Stewart, B., Lehman, A. F., . . . Murray-Swank, A. (2011). Outcomes of a randomized study of a peer-taught Family-to-Family Education Program for mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 62, 591–597. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.6.591
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
EDITORIAL Evenson, E., Rhodes, J., Feigenbaum, J., & Solly, A. (2008). The experiences of fathers with psychosis. Journal of Mental Health, 17, 629 – 642. doi:10.1080/09638230701506259 Fitzgibbon, G., Cook, J. A., & Falcon, L. (2000). Vocational rehabilitation approaches for youth. In H. B. Clark & M. Davis (Eds.), Transition to adulthood: A resource for assisting young people with emotional or behavioral difficulties (pp. 75– 89). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing. Goldberg, R. W., & Resnick, S. G. (2010). US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) efforts to promote psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33, 255–258. doi:10.2975/33.4.2010.255.258 Grant, G., Repper, J., & Nolan, M. (2008). Young people supporting parents with mental health problems: Experiences of assessment and support. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16, 271–281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00766.x Hinden, B. R., Biebel, K., Nicholson, J., Henry, A., & Katz-Leavy, J. (2006). A survey of programs for parents with mental illness and their families: Identifying common elements to build the evidence base. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 33, 21–38. doi:10.1007/s11414-005-9007-x Jones, D., Macias, R. L., Gold, P. B., Barreira, P., & Fisher, W. (2008). When parents with severe mental illness lose contact with their children: Are psychiatric symptoms or substance use to blame? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13, 261–287. doi:10.1080/15325020701741849 McKay, C. E., Osterman, R., Shaffer, J., Sawyer, E., Gerrard, E., & Olivera, N. (2012). Adapting services to engage young adults in ICCD clubhouses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35, 181–188. doi:10.2975/35.3.2012.181.188 McPherson, M. D., Delva, J., & Cranford, J. (2007). A longitudinal investigation of intimate partner violence among mothers with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 58, 675– 680. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.5.675 Mowbray, C. T., Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., MacFarlane, P., & Rueda-Riedle, A. (2001). Life circumstances of mothers with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 114 –123. doi:10.1037/h0095034 Nicholson, J. (2010). Parenting and recovery for mothers with mental disorders. In B. L. Levin & M. A. Becker (Eds.), A public health perspective of women’s mental health (pp. 359 –372). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-44191526-9_19 Nicholson, J., Biebel, K., Hinden, B. R., Henry, A. D., & Stier, L. (2001). Critical issues for parents with mental illness and their families. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. doi:10.1037/e303792004-001 Reupert, A., & Maybery, D. (2007). Families affected by parental mental illness: A multiperspective account of issues and interventions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 362–369. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.362 Reupert, A., & Maybery, D. (2011). Programmes for parents with mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18, 257–264. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01660.x Rosenheck, R. A., Neale, M. S., & Mohamed, S. (2010). Transition to low intensity case management in a VA Assertive Community Treatment model program. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33, 288 –296. doi:10.2975/33.4.2010.288.296 Salzer, M. S., Schwenk, E., & Brusilovskiy, E. (2010). Certified Peer Specialist roles and activities: Results from a national survey. Psychiatric Services, 61, 520 –523. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.61.5.520 Seeman, M. V. (2012). Intervention to prevent child custody loss in mothers with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2012, 796763. doi:10.1155/2012/796763 Styron, T. H., Pruett, M. K., McMahon, T. J., & Davidson, L. (2002). Fathers with serious mental illness: A neglected group. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 215–222. doi:10.1037/h0095021 Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, H., Kontopoulou, A., & Sarafidou, Y. (2003). Early experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1208 –1220. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00202 Williams, J., Jackson, S., Maddocks, A., Cheung, W. Y., Love, A., & Hutchings, H. (2001). Case-control study of the health of those looked after by local authorities. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 280 –285. doi:10.1136/adc.85.4.280
3
Copyright of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
© 2014 American Psychological Association 1095-158X/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/prj0000064
EDITORIAL
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Improving Services for Parents With Psychiatric Disabilities: Three New Opportunities in the Field of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Judith A. Cook
Kim T. Mueser
University of Illinois at Chicago
Boston University
Research indicates that men and women with psychiatric disabilities are as likely to become parents as those without psychiatric disabilities. In one nationally representative household survey, of those respondents who met criteria for a psychiatric disorder in the previous 12 months, two thirds were mothers and over half were fathers (Nicholson, Biebel, Hinden, Henry, & Stier, 2001). However, these families are at high risk of parental disruption and child welfare involvement, with the prevalence of custody loss for parents with mental illness found to be as high as 60% to 80% in several studies (Nicholson et al., 2001; Seeman, 2012). Custody loss can result in negative mental health outcomes for both parents and children. Mothers and fathers may experience psychiatric symptom exacerbation, along with strong feelings of guilt, grief, and inadequacy (Ackerson, 2003; Reupert & Maybery, 2007), and children’s attachment behaviors, emotional growth, and social development may be impeded (Vorria et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001). Although parenthood and its many challenges are common among adults with mental illnesses, the field of psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) has had limited success at sustaining programs that serve this population (Cook & Steigman, 2000). This is so despite the existence, since the 1980s, of successful, coordinated care models that serve the needs of parents and children together (Hinden, Biebel, Nicholson, Henry, & KatzLeavy, 2006). Reasons for our field’s inability to sustain these programs are diverse and complex, including (a) the difficulty of braiding funding for integrated, multigenerational services; (b) a lack of workforce training and low provider competency for meeting the needs of parents and their children; (c) practitioners’ unfamiliarity with the education, child welfare, and court systems that interface with these families; (d) legal and regulatory barriers to serving children in programs for adults with psychiatric disabilities; and (d) stigma and discrimination experienced by parents with serious mental illnesses and their children. Another formidable barrier involves the myriad social problems faced by these families that are compounded by a parent’s psychiatric disability, including poverty, housing instability, unemployment, substance use, gender discrimination, and physical and sexual abuse (Jones, Macias, Gold, Barreira, & Fisher, 2008; McPherson, Delva, & Cranford, 2007; Reupert & Maybery, 2007; Styron, Pruett, McMahon, & Davidson, 2002). Despite these many challenges, recent developments in our field offer opportunities for an increased focus on serving parents with psychiatric disabilities and their children. One such trend is the growth of PSR programs that serve children and youth (Fitzgibbon, Cook, & Falcon, 2000; McKay et al., 2012). The new Certificate in Children’s Psychiatric Rehabilitation program (Ashenden, 2011) offers practitioners education and training to meet the needs of children and families. The certificate1 focuses on children’s resiliency and what young people want and need to function effectively in their local communities. The certificate’s emphasis on partnering with parents and caregivers lays a foundation for development of services that meet the needs of parents with psychiatric disabilities in PSR settings. Programs that seek to combine services for adults with those for children and youth will find themselves staffed by practitioners with the competencies and service system knowledge for serving entire families. This raises the question of how our field can support
1
https://netforum.avectra.com/eWeb/DynamicPage.aspx?SiteUSPRA&WebCodechildrencertificate
Judith A. Cook, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago; Kim T. Mueser, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Judith A. Cook, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, 4th Floor, M/C 912, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail: [email protected] 1
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
2
COOK AND MUESER
these programs’ efforts to take this next step in developing fully integrated PSR models for children, youth, and their parents with a serious mental illness (SMI). Another opportunity can be found in the recent growth of family services in PSR programs for veterans with serious mental health problems. The Veterans Administration’s (VA’s) new Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Services model explicitly includes family members in supporting veterans and acknowledges the need to deliver direct services to their spouses, children, and parents (Department of Veteran’s Affairs, 2011). There is evidence that veterans whose family members receive education and support in PSR programs are more likely to transition to lower intensity services and develop more supportive family relationships (Rosenheck, Neale, & Mohamed, 2010). The Veteran’s Health Administration Office of Mental Health Services continues to promote an array of services for veterans’ families, ranging from family engagement to problem-focused family consultation to intensive family counseling and therapy (Goldberg & Resnick, 2010). An explicit focus on the veteran as part of the larger family unit provides a context in which PSR programs can develop services for veterans who are parents with psychiatric disabilities. This raises the question of how the VA might enrich its partnership with the PSR field by supporting the development of new service delivery models for veteran parents with psychiatric disabilities. A third relevant trend is the emergence of a new generation of recovery-oriented PSR services for mothers and fathers (Nicholson, 2010). An upcoming special issue of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal will be devoted to articles describing program development and research on services for parents with psychiatric disabilities. Opportunities for enhanced services are provided in particular by self-help, peer support programs for parents with lived experience (Reupert & Maybery, 2011). Peer specialists who are parents themselves may be more apt to incorporate the parenting experience into their recovery coaching and mutual support activities with other peers (Salzer, Schwenk, & Brusilovskiy, 2010). This opportunity leads to a final question of whether it is time to explore integrating the fields of parent-to-parent peer specialists (Dixon et al., 2011) and mental health peer specialists (Chinman et al., 2013) to better serve families in PSR settings. This also extends to providing peer support for young people who act as caregivers for their parents with psychiatric disabilities (Grant, Repper, & Nolan, 2008). Parents with psychiatric disabilities take as much pride in child rearing and get as much satisfaction from child caretaking as other parents (Ackerson, 2003). Moreover, the role of parent has been reported to have a positive impact on the mental health of people with psychiatric disabilities (David, Styron, & Davidson, 2011; Evenson, Rhodes, Feigenbaum, & Solly, 2008). Mowbray, Oyserman, Bybee, MacFarlane, and Rueda-Riedle (2001) found that mothers with SMI reported increased self-confidence, substance use cessation, improved motivation for their own treatment, and increased awareness of illness-related concerns. Evenson and colleagues (2008) found that fathers with psychiatric disabilities reported that providing for their children gave them a sense of purpose and meaning in life, and made them try harder to recover from their mental health problems and change some of their unproductive coping strategies, such as being angry or aggressive. Given these important benefits and the opportunities described earlier, perhaps the moment is right to tackle (once again) the development of comprehensive, integrated, multigenerational PSR services for these families. If we are successful, people with psychiatric disabilities will be helped to parent successfully, avoid custody loss, and incorporate the parenting experience as an essential part of their recovery. Their children, in turn, will benefit from the availability of a full range of strengths-based services and supports, and a focus on promoting healthy, resilient families.
References Ackerson, B. J. (2003). Coping with the dual demands of severe mental illness and parenting: The parents’ perspective. Families in Society, 84, 109 –118. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.69 Ashenden, P. (2011). Letter from the chair. USPRA PsyR Connection, 3, 1–12. Chinman, M., Oberman, R. S., Hanusa, B. H., Cohen, A. N., Salyers, M. P., Twamley, E. W., & Young, A. S. (2013). A cluster randomized trial of adding peer specialists to intensive case management teams in the Veterans Health Administration. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/ s11414-013–9343-1 Cook, J. A., & Steigman, P. (2000). Experiences of parents with mental illness and their service needs. California Alliance for the Mentally Ill Journal, 11, 21–23. David, D. H., Styron, T., & Davidson, L. (2011). Supported parenting to meet the needs and concerns of mothers with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 14, 137–153. doi:10.1080/15487768.2011.569668 Department of Veteran’s Affairs. (2011). Psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery services. VHA Handbook 1163.01. Patient Care Services. Washington, DC: Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. Dixon, L. B., Lucksted, A., Medoff, D. R., Burland, J., Stewart, B., Lehman, A. F., . . . Murray-Swank, A. (2011). Outcomes of a randomized study of a peer-taught Family-to-Family Education Program for mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 62, 591–597. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.6.591
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
EDITORIAL Evenson, E., Rhodes, J., Feigenbaum, J., & Solly, A. (2008). The experiences of fathers with psychosis. Journal of Mental Health, 17, 629 – 642. doi:10.1080/09638230701506259 Fitzgibbon, G., Cook, J. A., & Falcon, L. (2000). Vocational rehabilitation approaches for youth. In H. B. Clark & M. Davis (Eds.), Transition to adulthood: A resource for assisting young people with emotional or behavioral difficulties (pp. 75– 89). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing. Goldberg, R. W., & Resnick, S. G. (2010). US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) efforts to promote psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33, 255–258. doi:10.2975/33.4.2010.255.258 Grant, G., Repper, J., & Nolan, M. (2008). Young people supporting parents with mental health problems: Experiences of assessment and support. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16, 271–281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00766.x Hinden, B. R., Biebel, K., Nicholson, J., Henry, A., & Katz-Leavy, J. (2006). A survey of programs for parents with mental illness and their families: Identifying common elements to build the evidence base. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 33, 21–38. doi:10.1007/s11414-005-9007-x Jones, D., Macias, R. L., Gold, P. B., Barreira, P., & Fisher, W. (2008). When parents with severe mental illness lose contact with their children: Are psychiatric symptoms or substance use to blame? Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13, 261–287. doi:10.1080/15325020701741849 McKay, C. E., Osterman, R., Shaffer, J., Sawyer, E., Gerrard, E., & Olivera, N. (2012). Adapting services to engage young adults in ICCD clubhouses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35, 181–188. doi:10.2975/35.3.2012.181.188 McPherson, M. D., Delva, J., & Cranford, J. (2007). A longitudinal investigation of intimate partner violence among mothers with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 58, 675– 680. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.5.675 Mowbray, C. T., Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., MacFarlane, P., & Rueda-Riedle, A. (2001). Life circumstances of mothers with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 114 –123. doi:10.1037/h0095034 Nicholson, J. (2010). Parenting and recovery for mothers with mental disorders. In B. L. Levin & M. A. Becker (Eds.), A public health perspective of women’s mental health (pp. 359 –372). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-44191526-9_19 Nicholson, J., Biebel, K., Hinden, B. R., Henry, A. D., & Stier, L. (2001). Critical issues for parents with mental illness and their families. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. doi:10.1037/e303792004-001 Reupert, A., & Maybery, D. (2007). Families affected by parental mental illness: A multiperspective account of issues and interventions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 362–369. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.362 Reupert, A., & Maybery, D. (2011). Programmes for parents with mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18, 257–264. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01660.x Rosenheck, R. A., Neale, M. S., & Mohamed, S. (2010). Transition to low intensity case management in a VA Assertive Community Treatment model program. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33, 288 –296. doi:10.2975/33.4.2010.288.296 Salzer, M. S., Schwenk, E., & Brusilovskiy, E. (2010). Certified Peer Specialist roles and activities: Results from a national survey. Psychiatric Services, 61, 520 –523. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.61.5.520 Seeman, M. V. (2012). Intervention to prevent child custody loss in mothers with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2012, 796763. doi:10.1155/2012/796763 Styron, T. H., Pruett, M. K., McMahon, T. J., & Davidson, L. (2002). Fathers with serious mental illness: A neglected group. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 215–222. doi:10.1037/h0095021 Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, H., Kontopoulou, A., & Sarafidou, Y. (2003). Early experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1208 –1220. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00202 Williams, J., Jackson, S., Maddocks, A., Cheung, W. Y., Love, A., & Hutchings, H. (2001). Case-control study of the health of those looked after by local authorities. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 280 –285. doi:10.1136/adc.85.4.280
3
Copyright of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal is the property of American Psychological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
