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Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/njhn20
Neuroanniversary 2014 Paul Eling
a
a
Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Nijmegen , the Netherlands Published online: 10 Feb 2014.
Click for updates To cite this article: Paul Eling (2014) Neuroanniversary 2014, Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives, 23:1, 80-84, DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 23:80–84, 2014 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0964-704X print / 1744-5213 online DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944
Neuroanniversary 2014 PAUL ELING Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
1964 The Hungarian physician Ladislas von Meduna (1896–1964) died in 1964. Assuming a biological agonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy, he began to treat schizophrenic patients by eliciting convulsions through injection of Metrazol in 1935. The German neuropathologist Hans-Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964), Extraordinarius in Neurology and Psychiatry, described in 1921 a case of early dementia, resembling several other cases presented that same period by the German Professor in Neurology, Alfons Jakob (1884–1931). The specific syndrome was soon called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Charles Donald O’Malley (1907–1970), an outstanding American medical historian, published his authoritative biography of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels in 1964. That same year John Eccles (1903–1997) published The Physiology of Synapses, a comprehensive review of chemical and electrical synapses for both vertebrates and invertebrates.
1914 The American surgeon Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) died in 1914. He was active in the Civil War (1861–1865), observed many patients suffering from phantom limb phenomena and published these observations in his monograph Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences in 1872. Together with William Williams Keen and Reed Moorehouse he also wrote Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves (1864), dealing only with peripheral nerve injuries and containing the description of causalgia, an intense burning pain and sensitivity to the slightest touch. The Belgian anatomist and neurologist Arthur van Gehuchten (1861–1914) was Professor of Medicine in Leuven. He produced a fine atlas, L’Anatomie du système nerveux de l’homme in 1893. At the outbreak of World War I, he moved to Cambridge where he taught biology. He is also known for his cinematographic studies of patients with movement disorders. The German physiologist Ludimar Hermann (1838–1914) in 1884 was one of the first to study the development of taste buds. Walter H. Gaskell (1847–1914) was a British physiologist, working in Cambridge. His work focused on the autonomic innervations of the heart. Address correspondence to Paul Eling, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
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Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1963–1914) was a physiologist and biophysicist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 for his work on the ionic mechanisms of nerve cell membrane, sharing the prize with John Eccles (1903–1997) and Andrew Huxley (1917–2012). In 1914, Robert Carl Galambos (1914–2010) was born. He was an American neuroscientist whose pioneering research demonstrated how bats use echolocation for navigation purposes, as well as studies on how sound is processed in the brain. The Austro-Hungarian otologist Róbert Bárány (1876–1936) won the Nobel Prize in 1914 for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus of the ear, studying the caloric reaction. The Russian-Swiss neuropathologist Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930) introduced the concept of diaschisis, or loss of functional continuity between the various neuronal centers or tracts in 1914, in his monograph Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch Kortikale Herde. Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) was an English pharmacologist who defined in 1914 the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors as two groups of acetylcholine receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system.
1864 Heinrich Müller (1820–1864), a German Professor of Anatomy in Würzburg, discovered in 1851 the red color in rod cells known as rhodopsin or visual purple. He also described the fibers of neuroglia cells that make up the supporting framework of the retina. And in 1856, with his colleague Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905), he showed that an electrical current was produced from each contraction of a frog’s heart. He is considered as the founder of the Romanian School of Neurology: Georges Marinesco (1864–1938). He did his postgraduate training with Charcot and stayed in touch with his French colleagues. In his clinic in Bucharest, he produced films of patients with specific neurological symptoms. He published over 250 articles on a wide variety of neurological topics. Armand Trousseau (1801–1867), occupying the Chair of Clinical Medicine since 1850 and working in the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris, coined the word aphasie in 1864. The German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Aloysius or Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) is credited with identifying the first published case of presenile dementia, which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer’s disease.
1764 John Haslam (1764–1844) was an English apothecary and physician and known for his work on mental illness. He published his Observations on Insanity, with Practical Remarks on the disease, and an Account of the Morbid Appearances on Dissection in 1798. The work was well appreciated by his colleagues in Europe and America; Pinel cited Haslam frequently and positively. Domenico F. A. Cotugno (1736–1822), an Italian physician and anatomist, showed that the ventricular and spinal fluids are in continuity in his classic monograph De ischiade nervosa commentarius, published in Naples in 1764. In that book, he explained ischialgia
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
82
Paul Eling
Figure 1. Thomas Willis (1621–1675).
is due to an acrid fluid, penetrating the sheath of the ischiatic nerve, thus focusing on the sheath as the crucial element.
1714 Robert Whytt (1714–1766) was born in Edinburgh in 1714. He was the first to ascribe a reflex—Whytt’s reflex, a dilation of the pupil—to a specific part of the body. He also demonstrated that the spinal cord, rather than the brain, could be the source of involuntary action. His description of “dropsy of the brain” (tubercular meningitis) was the first methodical and accurate definition of the disease. The German scholar Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646–1716) published his best known work Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en Raison – Monadologie in 1714. It is a short text on metaphysics. Leibniz argued that if we could go into a brain, as into a mill, we would only see the interaction of material elements, but no perception, thought, or emotion. According to Leibniz, monads are elementary particles with blurred
Neuroanniversary 2014
83
perception of each other that he assumed would get rid of the question about the interaction between mind and matter.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
1664 Born in 1664, François Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741) became an anatomist, ophthalmologist, and surgeon. He is remembered for his anatomical studies of the eye, as well as for physiological research of the sympathetic nervous system. As a military physician, Petit noticed that there was a striking correlation between soldiers’ head wounds and contralateral motor effects, which he documented in a 1710 treatise called Lettres d’un médecin des hôpitaux du roi à un autre médecin de ses amis. He gave an early, detailed description of the decussation of the pyramids. The famous Thomas Willis (1621–1675; see Figure 1) published his Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus. Cerebri Anatome was in use for nearly 200 years and brought international recognition to Willis. It contains descriptions of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. Willis reclassified Galen’s descriptions of the cranial nerves. The vascular supply to the brain and spinal cord are described with superb illustrations by Christopher Wren. The idea that the cerebral cortex is the seat of higher human cognitive functions was formulated in this book.
1614 In 1614, Felix Plater (or Platter; 1536–1614), a Swiss Professor in Medicine at Basel, known for his classification of psychiatric diseases, first described meningiomas at an autopsy in his Observationum, In Hominis Affectibus plerisque, corpori & animo, functionum laesione, dolore, aliave molestia & vitio incommodantibus, Libri Tres. In the same book, he described more than 150 years before the French surgeon Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) the palmar aponeurosis as the anatomical substrate of the disease, now known as Dupuytren’s contracture. Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672), born Franz de le Boë, was a Dutch physician and scientist (chemist, physiologist, and anatomist) who was an early champion of Descartes’, Van Helmont’s, and William Harvey’s work and theories. In 1658, he was appointed Professor of Medicine at the University of Leiden. In 1663, in his Disputationem Medicarum, Franciscus Sylvius described the lateral fissure. In 1669, Sylvius founded the first academic chemical laboratory and he founded the Iatrochemical School of Medicine, according to which all life and disease processes are based on chemical actions. The Flemish anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564; see Figure 2) first studied in Leuven and Paris and then moved to Padua for his doctorate. Upon graduation, he was immediately offered the chair of Surgery and Anatomy. His meticulous drawings for students were published in 1538 under the title Tabulae Anatomicae Sex. In 1539, he produced an updated version of Galen’s anatomical handbook, Institutiones Anatomicae. In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius discovered that Galen’s research had been based upon animal anatomy. He then wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica, in 1543. Later, he became Imperial Physician at the court of Emperor Charles V. Charles Estienne (1504–1564) studied, simultaneously with Vesalius, in Paris. He produced an atlas De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres (1545) in which he described a canal through the entire length of the spinal cord, which had not been suspected by contemporaries.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
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Figure 2. Andreas Vesalius. This is a picture of an nineteenth-century oil painting, based on a lithograph by Adolphe Mouilleron from the original painting by Edouard Hamman (color figure available online).
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/njhn20
Neuroanniversary 2014 Paul Eling
a
a
Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Nijmegen , the Netherlands Published online: 10 Feb 2014.
Click for updates To cite this article: Paul Eling (2014) Neuroanniversary 2014, Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives, 23:1, 80-84, DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 23:80–84, 2014 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0964-704X print / 1744-5213 online DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2013.808944
Neuroanniversary 2014 PAUL ELING Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
1964 The Hungarian physician Ladislas von Meduna (1896–1964) died in 1964. Assuming a biological agonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy, he began to treat schizophrenic patients by eliciting convulsions through injection of Metrazol in 1935. The German neuropathologist Hans-Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964), Extraordinarius in Neurology and Psychiatry, described in 1921 a case of early dementia, resembling several other cases presented that same period by the German Professor in Neurology, Alfons Jakob (1884–1931). The specific syndrome was soon called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Charles Donald O’Malley (1907–1970), an outstanding American medical historian, published his authoritative biography of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels in 1964. That same year John Eccles (1903–1997) published The Physiology of Synapses, a comprehensive review of chemical and electrical synapses for both vertebrates and invertebrates.
1914 The American surgeon Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914) died in 1914. He was active in the Civil War (1861–1865), observed many patients suffering from phantom limb phenomena and published these observations in his monograph Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences in 1872. Together with William Williams Keen and Reed Moorehouse he also wrote Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves (1864), dealing only with peripheral nerve injuries and containing the description of causalgia, an intense burning pain and sensitivity to the slightest touch. The Belgian anatomist and neurologist Arthur van Gehuchten (1861–1914) was Professor of Medicine in Leuven. He produced a fine atlas, L’Anatomie du système nerveux de l’homme in 1893. At the outbreak of World War I, he moved to Cambridge where he taught biology. He is also known for his cinematographic studies of patients with movement disorders. The German physiologist Ludimar Hermann (1838–1914) in 1884 was one of the first to study the development of taste buds. Walter H. Gaskell (1847–1914) was a British physiologist, working in Cambridge. His work focused on the autonomic innervations of the heart. Address correspondence to Paul Eling, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
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Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
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Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1963–1914) was a physiologist and biophysicist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 for his work on the ionic mechanisms of nerve cell membrane, sharing the prize with John Eccles (1903–1997) and Andrew Huxley (1917–2012). In 1914, Robert Carl Galambos (1914–2010) was born. He was an American neuroscientist whose pioneering research demonstrated how bats use echolocation for navigation purposes, as well as studies on how sound is processed in the brain. The Austro-Hungarian otologist Róbert Bárány (1876–1936) won the Nobel Prize in 1914 for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus of the ear, studying the caloric reaction. The Russian-Swiss neuropathologist Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930) introduced the concept of diaschisis, or loss of functional continuity between the various neuronal centers or tracts in 1914, in his monograph Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch Kortikale Herde. Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) was an English pharmacologist who defined in 1914 the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors as two groups of acetylcholine receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system.
1864 Heinrich Müller (1820–1864), a German Professor of Anatomy in Würzburg, discovered in 1851 the red color in rod cells known as rhodopsin or visual purple. He also described the fibers of neuroglia cells that make up the supporting framework of the retina. And in 1856, with his colleague Albert von Kölliker (1817–1905), he showed that an electrical current was produced from each contraction of a frog’s heart. He is considered as the founder of the Romanian School of Neurology: Georges Marinesco (1864–1938). He did his postgraduate training with Charcot and stayed in touch with his French colleagues. In his clinic in Bucharest, he produced films of patients with specific neurological symptoms. He published over 250 articles on a wide variety of neurological topics. Armand Trousseau (1801–1867), occupying the Chair of Clinical Medicine since 1850 and working in the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris, coined the word aphasie in 1864. The German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Aloysius or Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) is credited with identifying the first published case of presenile dementia, which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer’s disease.
1764 John Haslam (1764–1844) was an English apothecary and physician and known for his work on mental illness. He published his Observations on Insanity, with Practical Remarks on the disease, and an Account of the Morbid Appearances on Dissection in 1798. The work was well appreciated by his colleagues in Europe and America; Pinel cited Haslam frequently and positively. Domenico F. A. Cotugno (1736–1822), an Italian physician and anatomist, showed that the ventricular and spinal fluids are in continuity in his classic monograph De ischiade nervosa commentarius, published in Naples in 1764. In that book, he explained ischialgia
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
82
Paul Eling
Figure 1. Thomas Willis (1621–1675).
is due to an acrid fluid, penetrating the sheath of the ischiatic nerve, thus focusing on the sheath as the crucial element.
1714 Robert Whytt (1714–1766) was born in Edinburgh in 1714. He was the first to ascribe a reflex—Whytt’s reflex, a dilation of the pupil—to a specific part of the body. He also demonstrated that the spinal cord, rather than the brain, could be the source of involuntary action. His description of “dropsy of the brain” (tubercular meningitis) was the first methodical and accurate definition of the disease. The German scholar Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646–1716) published his best known work Principes de la Nature et de la Grace fondés en Raison – Monadologie in 1714. It is a short text on metaphysics. Leibniz argued that if we could go into a brain, as into a mill, we would only see the interaction of material elements, but no perception, thought, or emotion. According to Leibniz, monads are elementary particles with blurred
Neuroanniversary 2014
83
perception of each other that he assumed would get rid of the question about the interaction between mind and matter.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
1664 Born in 1664, François Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741) became an anatomist, ophthalmologist, and surgeon. He is remembered for his anatomical studies of the eye, as well as for physiological research of the sympathetic nervous system. As a military physician, Petit noticed that there was a striking correlation between soldiers’ head wounds and contralateral motor effects, which he documented in a 1710 treatise called Lettres d’un médecin des hôpitaux du roi à un autre médecin de ses amis. He gave an early, detailed description of the decussation of the pyramids. The famous Thomas Willis (1621–1675; see Figure 1) published his Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus. Cerebri Anatome was in use for nearly 200 years and brought international recognition to Willis. It contains descriptions of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. Willis reclassified Galen’s descriptions of the cranial nerves. The vascular supply to the brain and spinal cord are described with superb illustrations by Christopher Wren. The idea that the cerebral cortex is the seat of higher human cognitive functions was formulated in this book.
1614 In 1614, Felix Plater (or Platter; 1536–1614), a Swiss Professor in Medicine at Basel, known for his classification of psychiatric diseases, first described meningiomas at an autopsy in his Observationum, In Hominis Affectibus plerisque, corpori & animo, functionum laesione, dolore, aliave molestia & vitio incommodantibus, Libri Tres. In the same book, he described more than 150 years before the French surgeon Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) the palmar aponeurosis as the anatomical substrate of the disease, now known as Dupuytren’s contracture. Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672), born Franz de le Boë, was a Dutch physician and scientist (chemist, physiologist, and anatomist) who was an early champion of Descartes’, Van Helmont’s, and William Harvey’s work and theories. In 1658, he was appointed Professor of Medicine at the University of Leiden. In 1663, in his Disputationem Medicarum, Franciscus Sylvius described the lateral fissure. In 1669, Sylvius founded the first academic chemical laboratory and he founded the Iatrochemical School of Medicine, according to which all life and disease processes are based on chemical actions. The Flemish anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564; see Figure 2) first studied in Leuven and Paris and then moved to Padua for his doctorate. Upon graduation, he was immediately offered the chair of Surgery and Anatomy. His meticulous drawings for students were published in 1538 under the title Tabulae Anatomicae Sex. In 1539, he produced an updated version of Galen’s anatomical handbook, Institutiones Anatomicae. In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius discovered that Galen’s research had been based upon animal anatomy. He then wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica, in 1543. Later, he became Imperial Physician at the court of Emperor Charles V. Charles Estienne (1504–1564) studied, simultaneously with Vesalius, in Paris. He produced an atlas De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres (1545) in which he described a canal through the entire length of the spinal cord, which had not been suspected by contemporaries.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 05:50 02 April 2015
84
Paul Eling
Figure 2. Andreas Vesalius. This is a picture of an nineteenth-century oil painting, based on a lithograph by Adolphe Mouilleron from the original painting by Edouard Hamman (color figure available online).
