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CRITICAL REVIEW
Cite this: Analyst, 2014, 139, 1292
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Porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography David A. Collins,a Ekaterina P. Nesterenko*a and Brett Paullb This review covers the latest developments and applications of porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Here, the authors provide a concise background on the fundamentals of porous layer open tubular columns, their fabrication and application. Over the past two decades, growing interest in the areas of proteomics and hyphenated LC-MS techniques have played a large part in the development of porous layer structures within capillary formats due to their high permeability,
Received 3rd October 2013 Accepted 12th December 2013
excellent efficiency and exceptional peak capacity. This review gives a brief overview of open tubular columns in general, however, it focuses predominantly on the applications of covalently bonded porous
DOI: 10.1039/c3an01869e
layer open tubular columns in liquid chromatography. Open tubular columns containing non-bonded or
www.rsc.org/analyst
electrostatically attached layers will not be discussed in detail.
1. Introduction Current trends in analytical chemistry in general, and liquid chromatography (LC) in particular, are towards the miniaturisation of instrumentation, greener chemistry, reduction of hazardous solvent waste and increasing the separation speed.1–8 Although systems that accommodate standard bore columns
a
Irish Separation Science Cluster, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. E-mail: [email protected]
b
Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS7001, Australia
Dr. David Collins is a postdoctoral researcher with the Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC) based at Dublin City University, Ireland. He received his B.Eng in Electromechanical Engineering from DCU in 2000 and later completed his parttime M.Eng degree on laser based surface metrology in 2005. In 2009 he joined the ISSC under the mentorship of Prof. Brett Paull to study for a Ph.D. in Chemistry which he completed in 2013. David is heavily involved in multidisciplinary research within the group, particularly in the area of analytical instrumentation.
1292 | Analyst, 2014, 139, 1292–1302
continue to dominate in routine LC separations, the past 15 years have seen a signicant amount of development in the area of micro-scale chromatography since separations performed at this scale offer many benets over stand-bore systems.3 This has led to what is commonly termed today ‘capillary’ liquid chromatography (capLC). As a result of these developments a wide variety of different types of capillary columns for many various chromatographic applications are now commercially available. One category of capillary column format which has attracted considerable interest in recent years, particularly for the separation of large molecules, are open tubular (OT) columns. In a recent review by Desmet and Eeltink3 on LC miniaturisation, the
Dr. Ekaterina Nesterenko, is a post-doctoral researcher in the INSIGHT Research Center based in Dublin City University, Ireland. She received her M.Sc. in Chemistry from M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia) in 2004 and in 2008 was awarded Ph.D. degree from Dublin City University. The same year she joined the Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences/Bristol Myers-Squibb Company, and in 2009 moved to the Irish Separation Science Cluster. Dr Nesterenko is an author of 30 papers and over 90 conference presentations. Her research interests lie in the elds of analytical chemistry, stationary phase design for various applications, the development of analytical instrumentation and micro-uidic platforms.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014
View Article Online
Published on 16 December 2013. Downloaded by Michigan Technological University on 22/10/2014 18:52:32.
Critical Review
authors cited the importance of OT columns in the continued development of miniaturised systems. The last review of applications of OT columns in LC was over 15 years ago by Swart et al.,4 although recently Cheong et al.5 published a general review of OT columns in separation science. Open tubular columns possess a layer of stationary phase around the inside circumference of the column while maintaining an open void in the centre. This type of column was initially proposed for gas chromatography (GC) by Golay9 over 50 years ago and following this pioneering development, OT capillary GC has practically replaced packed-column GC for most analytical applications, with porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns now well-established as a common OT column format.10 By the late 1970s, following the work done by Tsuda et al.,11 OT columns were also nding application in micro-bore LC.12 Although they are currently predominantly used in GC,13 capillary electrophoretic methods such as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and capillary electrochromatographic methods,14–19 there is a growing interest in their use in various capillary LC applications. During this period numerous works were published on the design, performance, and properties11,20–22 of OT columns and comparisons with particle packed phases.23 With regard to LC, OT columns have several theoretical advantages over packed columns, the main ones being low column back pressure due to increased ow through permeability and high plate count. In addition, since OT columns in LC are required to have such small inner diameters (typically
Published on 16 December 2013. Downloaded by Michigan Technological University on 22/10/2014 18:52:32.
CRITICAL REVIEW
Cite this: Analyst, 2014, 139, 1292
View Journal | View Issue
Porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography David A. Collins,a Ekaterina P. Nesterenko*a and Brett Paullb This review covers the latest developments and applications of porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Here, the authors provide a concise background on the fundamentals of porous layer open tubular columns, their fabrication and application. Over the past two decades, growing interest in the areas of proteomics and hyphenated LC-MS techniques have played a large part in the development of porous layer structures within capillary formats due to their high permeability,
Received 3rd October 2013 Accepted 12th December 2013
excellent efficiency and exceptional peak capacity. This review gives a brief overview of open tubular columns in general, however, it focuses predominantly on the applications of covalently bonded porous
DOI: 10.1039/c3an01869e
layer open tubular columns in liquid chromatography. Open tubular columns containing non-bonded or
www.rsc.org/analyst
electrostatically attached layers will not be discussed in detail.
1. Introduction Current trends in analytical chemistry in general, and liquid chromatography (LC) in particular, are towards the miniaturisation of instrumentation, greener chemistry, reduction of hazardous solvent waste and increasing the separation speed.1–8 Although systems that accommodate standard bore columns
a
Irish Separation Science Cluster, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. E-mail: [email protected]
b
Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS7001, Australia
Dr. David Collins is a postdoctoral researcher with the Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC) based at Dublin City University, Ireland. He received his B.Eng in Electromechanical Engineering from DCU in 2000 and later completed his parttime M.Eng degree on laser based surface metrology in 2005. In 2009 he joined the ISSC under the mentorship of Prof. Brett Paull to study for a Ph.D. in Chemistry which he completed in 2013. David is heavily involved in multidisciplinary research within the group, particularly in the area of analytical instrumentation.
1292 | Analyst, 2014, 139, 1292–1302
continue to dominate in routine LC separations, the past 15 years have seen a signicant amount of development in the area of micro-scale chromatography since separations performed at this scale offer many benets over stand-bore systems.3 This has led to what is commonly termed today ‘capillary’ liquid chromatography (capLC). As a result of these developments a wide variety of different types of capillary columns for many various chromatographic applications are now commercially available. One category of capillary column format which has attracted considerable interest in recent years, particularly for the separation of large molecules, are open tubular (OT) columns. In a recent review by Desmet and Eeltink3 on LC miniaturisation, the
Dr. Ekaterina Nesterenko, is a post-doctoral researcher in the INSIGHT Research Center based in Dublin City University, Ireland. She received her M.Sc. in Chemistry from M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia) in 2004 and in 2008 was awarded Ph.D. degree from Dublin City University. The same year she joined the Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences/Bristol Myers-Squibb Company, and in 2009 moved to the Irish Separation Science Cluster. Dr Nesterenko is an author of 30 papers and over 90 conference presentations. Her research interests lie in the elds of analytical chemistry, stationary phase design for various applications, the development of analytical instrumentation and micro-uidic platforms.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014
View Article Online
Published on 16 December 2013. Downloaded by Michigan Technological University on 22/10/2014 18:52:32.
Critical Review
authors cited the importance of OT columns in the continued development of miniaturised systems. The last review of applications of OT columns in LC was over 15 years ago by Swart et al.,4 although recently Cheong et al.5 published a general review of OT columns in separation science. Open tubular columns possess a layer of stationary phase around the inside circumference of the column while maintaining an open void in the centre. This type of column was initially proposed for gas chromatography (GC) by Golay9 over 50 years ago and following this pioneering development, OT capillary GC has practically replaced packed-column GC for most analytical applications, with porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns now well-established as a common OT column format.10 By the late 1970s, following the work done by Tsuda et al.,11 OT columns were also nding application in micro-bore LC.12 Although they are currently predominantly used in GC,13 capillary electrophoretic methods such as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and capillary electrochromatographic methods,14–19 there is a growing interest in their use in various capillary LC applications. During this period numerous works were published on the design, performance, and properties11,20–22 of OT columns and comparisons with particle packed phases.23 With regard to LC, OT columns have several theoretical advantages over packed columns, the main ones being low column back pressure due to increased ow through permeability and high plate count. In addition, since OT columns in LC are required to have such small inner diameters (typically
