Experimental Aging Research
ISSN: 0361-073X (Print) 1096-4657 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uear20
Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker Francis J. Winn To cite this article: Francis J. Winn (1991) Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker, Experimental Aging Research, 17:3, 139-141 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739108253893
Published online: 27 Sep 2007.
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Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uear20 Download by: [North Carolina State University]
Date: 30 December 2017, At: 05:58
139
ExperimmtulAgirig Research, Volume 17, Number 3, 190 1. ISSN 07340664 8 190 1 Beech Hill Enterprises Inc.
Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker FRANCIS J. WINN,JR.’ Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’ and University of Cincinnati
U
ntil recently, forced retirement was viewed as one method to allow an ever-increasing and younger workforce to enter the job market. An expanding economy and growing workforce also provided the receipts required for both the Federal government and employers to offer retirement benefits at younger ages. Now, the trend toward earlier retirements, at least with the Federal government, has stopped. Mandatory retirement has been abolished, legislation to raise the eligibility age for Social Security benefits has been passed, and the view of the older worker as a resource rather than a liability is increasing. Renewed interest in the older worker as a resource can be seen in the activities of professional organizations, the government, and private interest groups. For example, there have been a number of special journal issues and symposia devoted to the older worker. Discussion topics have included work performance as related to chronological and physical age (Leon, 1987), age discrimination (Snyder & Barrett, 1988), and issues related to human factors and aging (Czaja, 1990a). The National Research Council has published a monograph on the subject (Czaja, 1990b), as has the Secretary of Labor (McLaughlin, 1989; Rones & Herz, 1989). The private interest group with the most consistent contribution to the area is the American Association for Retired Persons (AARP). AARP publishes a bimonthly newsletter titled “Working Age.” The newsletter covers issues related to the management of the older worker, pension plans, attitudes towards older workers, approaches taken by foreign governments as well as other topics. A recent issue dealt with Japanese grants of up to $230,000 per company for the “. . .construction of new facilities or the purchase of new equipment to facilitate the employment of older persons (AARP, 1989).” Japan is not the only country involved in developing tools and work environments to fit the older worker. The Volvo automotive assembly plant in Uddevalla, Sweden
was constructed with the intent to have 25% of the employees over 45 years of age (Ekelof, 1988). Unfortunately, the knowledge base required to construct work environments for the older worker does not yet exist. For the most part, research information on the older cohort has been limited to cross-sectional studies focused on social issues related to retirement decisions or adaptation to retirement. The only longitudinal study devoted to ergonomics and the older worker is being conducted by Ilmarinen and his colleagues at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Ilmarinen, 1988; NygPrd, Luopajarvi, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988; NygPrd, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988). Their findings have far-reaching implications not only for ergonomics and gerontology, but also for geriatrics. These investigators have reported that blue collar workers subjected to a lifetime of strenuous work(i.e., continuous musculoskeletal loading) tend to be at a significantly higher risk for musculoskeletal disability at age 50 then members of the same cohort in sedentary occupations (Nygard, Luopajarvi, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988). This finding, as well as those of other Finnish investigators (Heikkinen, Seppanen, & Rimpela, 1975), are important because they suggest that occupation is one of the risk factors for physical frailty in senescence. There is a major knowledge gap in our understanding of how occupational hazards and physical frailty are related, however, because of the specialized nature of our research efforts. The failure of health professionals to take a life-span approach to cumulative trauma disorders (the majority of which effect the musculoskeletal system) has resulted in the knowledge gap. The long term costs of occupationally induced cumulative trauma disorders (i.e., change in occupation or profession, reduced standard of living, physical limitations, etc.) have not been examined because professionals only follow the afflicted until they have settled insurance claims or their symptoms have
‘Now at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Reprint requests should be directed to the following address: NIDA/ Special Projects Group. 5600 Fishers Lane - Rockwall I1 Bldg., Suite 615, Rockville, MD. 20857. ’This preface was written, and the special issue edited by Dr. Winn in his private capacity. No official support or endorsement by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is intended or should be inferred.
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
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been successfully treated. Gerontologists and geriatricians, however, examine musculoskeletal problems in senescence without fully examining the precursors of the conditions occurring throughout the lifespan. Wickstrom (1978) has provided one of the few attempts to detail the hereditary and environmental causes (c.g., occupation) of musculoskeletal morbidity. The specific niusculoskeletal condition Wickstrom evaluated was chronic low-back pain associated with lumbar degeneration. Heikkinen, Seppanen, and Rimpella (1975) have provided data suggesting that functional age, as well as susceptibility to disease states, are influenced by occupation. Heikkinen, et al. did not include the musculoskeletal system among their variables. The importance of their study is in showing that occupation can have a long term effect on a number of organ systems. The impact of events occurring throughout the lifespan on musculoskeletal morbidity can be inferred from Figure 1. This figure indicates that, for all ages, cumulative trauma disorders accounted for over 50% of the occupational injuries and illnesses in the United States, reported on the OSHA Form 200 logs. In a recent study, Winn (1990) estimated that it probably was not uncommon to have between 1 /5th to 1/3rd of entire industries exposed to conditions that could result in musculoskeletal morbidity. The costs for occupationally-induced musculoskeletal disorders are impressive. Webster and Snook ( 1990)
50
-
m 0 40 +
-
P)
C
Q)
2
30
-
20
-
10
I
Q)
a , 01 0 2 83 0 4 0 5 0 6 1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
87 00 09
YEAR FIGURE 1. Cumulative trauma disorders as a percentage of total recorded occupational illnesses’
‘ Prepared by Vern Putz-Anderson,Ph.D., Psychophysiology and Biomechanics Section, Applied Psychology and Ergonomics Branch, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, NIOSH. Data for all but the most recent year is from the annual BLS surveys Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry. Data are plotted for Category 7f, “Disorders associated with repeated trauma,” from the OSHA Form 200 logs. 1989 data is from BLS, 1990, USDL 90 - 582.
estimated that total compensable costs for occupationally-induced low back pain during 1986 was 3: 1 1.1 billion. If the indirect costs of the problems noted carlier (i.c.. changes in standard of living, occupation, ctc..) as wcll ;is the costs for other occupationally-induced niusculoskcleta1 problems are considered, this figure probably would rise by several orders of magnitude. If wc‘ are t o bc successful in reducing both the incidence and costs o f musculoskeletal disorders in senescence (scc Wcindruch, Hadley, and Ory [in press]), then we must take i i life-span perspective and target our intcrvcntions nnd prevention strategies at the beginning of ;I career a n d not at the end (i.e., a dynamic-proactive, ralhcr t h a n ;I static-reactive, strategy). Initiating a dynamic-proactive approach for ergonomic interventions will reduce the incidence o f cumtilative trauma disorders, reduce the incidence of disability retirement, and increase productivity, as well ;ISimprovc the quality of life across the life-span. The discipline 0 1 ergonomics, which seeks to reduce occupationally induced cumulative trauma disorders, is a relatively new area with a limited data base, however. The purpose of this issue is to interest gerontologists in the area of ergonomics and the older worker by providing timely reviews of the availablc research a i d literature in the area. The articles are written b), ergonomists. The ergonomists who prepiircd these papers were asked to accomplish the following tlircc tasks: 1.) Provide the basic concepts necessary to understand their specialty; 2 . ) review the literature, including a n y studies using subjects 40 yrs or older (the age uscd to define the older worker in federal legislation [ Kones S! Herz, 19891); and, 3 . ) provide recommendations regnrding future research. Because this area is in it\ infancy. the authors of these reviews have capitalized on ;I unique opportunity by defining the problems and providing guidance for future research. All of the contributors commented that not much research has been pcrformed in the area and, consequently, little in thc: way of published research dealing with the older worker is available. I t is hoped, therefore, that the interaction between ergonomists and gerontologists will rcsult in collaborative relationships that can help us solve prohlems that neither discipline can solve alone. This issue (Part A) contains five papers. ‘Ihe first paper (Ergonomics and the Older Worker: An Ovcrview, by Arun Garg) is a review of age-related pcrl‘ormance declines, a history and definition of ergonomics, and some general observations about rcsearch needs and how ergonomics can help the older worker. Thc second contribution (Anthropometry of an Aging Work Force, by Annis, Case, Clauser, and Bradtmiller) covers the available anthropometric data bases and thcir utility for designing work spaces for older workers. The authors use data from the studies they review to design scatcd workplace for older workers. This example is not only valuable for industrial planners, but also for those individuals designing living environments for older coc~
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
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horts. The third paper (Biomechanical Aspects of Low Back Pain in the Older Worker, by Chaffin and AshtonMiller) reviews over 90 papers dealing with the biomechanics of low-back pain, age, and manual work. Compensable costs related to low back pain are increasing faster than for any other type of workplace injury (Webster & Snook, 1990). The incidence of occupationally-induced low-back pain can be reduced by ergonomically redesigning jobs using, among other tools, anthropometry. The final two papers in this issue deal with thermal stress including, heat stress (Aging and Heat Tolerance at Rest or During Work, by Kent Pandolf) and cold stress (Effects of Aging on Human Cold Tolerance, by Andrew Young). Both of these papers are important and timely because of the number of older individuals employed in the outdoors, especially in rural areas, and the recent emphasis placed on agricultural safety and health’. A future special issue on ergonomics and the older worker will contain four reviews. The papers will be in the same format and cover lower extremity disorders, upper extremity disorders, shiftwork, and vigilance. References
AARP Staff (1989). Japan expands programs to hire the elderly. WorkingAge, 4(6), p. 4. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1990). Occupational injuries and illnesses in the United States by industry, 1988 (Bulletin 2366). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Czaja, S. J. (Ed.). (1990a). Aging [Special issue]. Human Factors, 32(5). Czaja, S. J. (Ed.). (1990b). Human Factors Research Needs for an Aging Population. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Ekelof, E. (1988). New Volvo plant in Uddevalla: More than just assembly. Working Environment 1988 (Arbetsmiljo International), 6-7. Heikkinen, E., Seppaanen, B, & Rimpela, M. (1975). Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators among 25-57 year-old men in two parts of Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 3, 105- 1 10. ‘Surgeon General’s Conference: Agricultural Safety and Health. Des Moines, IA., April 30 - May 3, 1901. Also see AHCPR grant announcement PA-91-23 (Rural Health Care Research: Impacting Vulnerable Populations. NIH Guide fiir Grunts atid C’otitrucrs, 2O(h). February X. 1901.)
Ilmarinen, J. (1988). Physiological criteria for retirement age. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &Health, I4(Suppl. l), 88-89. Leon, A. S. (1987). Introduction to the symposium: Age as a criterion for work performance-chronologic vs physiologic age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(2), 157-158. NygPrd, C. H., Suurnakkir, T., & Ilmarinen, J. (1983). Effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work in women and men aged 44 to 58 years. European Journal ofApplied Physiology, 58, 13-19. NygPrd, C. H., Luopajarvi, T., Suurnakki, T., & Ilmarinen, J. (1988). Muscle strength and muscle endurance of middle-aged women and men associated to type, duration and intensity of muscular load at work. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 60,291-297. McLaughlin, A. (1989). Older worker task force: Key Policy Issues for the future (Report of the Secretary of Labor) (GPO: 1989 0 - 227-995 : QL 3). Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office. Rones, P. L., & Herz, D. E. (1989). Labor Market Problems of Older Workers (Repot? of the Secretary of Labor). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Snyder, C. J., & Barrett, G . V. (1988). The age discrimination in employment act: A review of court decisions [Monograph 1. Experimen ta 1Aging Research , I 4 ( 1). Staff. (Nov. 14, 1990). BLS reports on survey of occupational injuries and illnesses in 1989. News: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. USDL - 90-582. Webster, B. S., & Snook, S. H. (1990). The cost of compensable low back pain. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32( l ) , 13-15. Weindruch, R., Hadley, E., & Ory, M. (in press). Overview: Reducing frailty and fall-related injuries in older persons. In R. Weindruch, E. Hadley, & M. Ory (Eds.), Reducing frailty and falls in older persons. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas. Wickstrom, G. (1978). Effect of work on degenerative back disease. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment& Health, 4(Suppl. 1), 1-12. Winn, F. J. (1990). Part 1: NOES-based probabilities of exposure to ergonomic hazards and physical agents by two-digit standard industrial classification codes. Unpublished manuscript. (NIOSH end of project report [CAN: 9-92782501).
ISSN: 0361-073X (Print) 1096-4657 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uear20
Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker Francis J. Winn To cite this article: Francis J. Winn (1991) Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker, Experimental Aging Research, 17:3, 139-141 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739108253893
Published online: 27 Sep 2007.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 9
View related articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uear20 Download by: [North Carolina State University]
Date: 30 December 2017, At: 05:58
139
ExperimmtulAgirig Research, Volume 17, Number 3, 190 1. ISSN 07340664 8 190 1 Beech Hill Enterprises Inc.
Preface for Special Issue on Ergonomics and the Older Worker FRANCIS J. WINN,JR.’ Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’ and University of Cincinnati
U
ntil recently, forced retirement was viewed as one method to allow an ever-increasing and younger workforce to enter the job market. An expanding economy and growing workforce also provided the receipts required for both the Federal government and employers to offer retirement benefits at younger ages. Now, the trend toward earlier retirements, at least with the Federal government, has stopped. Mandatory retirement has been abolished, legislation to raise the eligibility age for Social Security benefits has been passed, and the view of the older worker as a resource rather than a liability is increasing. Renewed interest in the older worker as a resource can be seen in the activities of professional organizations, the government, and private interest groups. For example, there have been a number of special journal issues and symposia devoted to the older worker. Discussion topics have included work performance as related to chronological and physical age (Leon, 1987), age discrimination (Snyder & Barrett, 1988), and issues related to human factors and aging (Czaja, 1990a). The National Research Council has published a monograph on the subject (Czaja, 1990b), as has the Secretary of Labor (McLaughlin, 1989; Rones & Herz, 1989). The private interest group with the most consistent contribution to the area is the American Association for Retired Persons (AARP). AARP publishes a bimonthly newsletter titled “Working Age.” The newsletter covers issues related to the management of the older worker, pension plans, attitudes towards older workers, approaches taken by foreign governments as well as other topics. A recent issue dealt with Japanese grants of up to $230,000 per company for the “. . .construction of new facilities or the purchase of new equipment to facilitate the employment of older persons (AARP, 1989).” Japan is not the only country involved in developing tools and work environments to fit the older worker. The Volvo automotive assembly plant in Uddevalla, Sweden
was constructed with the intent to have 25% of the employees over 45 years of age (Ekelof, 1988). Unfortunately, the knowledge base required to construct work environments for the older worker does not yet exist. For the most part, research information on the older cohort has been limited to cross-sectional studies focused on social issues related to retirement decisions or adaptation to retirement. The only longitudinal study devoted to ergonomics and the older worker is being conducted by Ilmarinen and his colleagues at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Ilmarinen, 1988; NygPrd, Luopajarvi, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988; NygPrd, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988). Their findings have far-reaching implications not only for ergonomics and gerontology, but also for geriatrics. These investigators have reported that blue collar workers subjected to a lifetime of strenuous work(i.e., continuous musculoskeletal loading) tend to be at a significantly higher risk for musculoskeletal disability at age 50 then members of the same cohort in sedentary occupations (Nygard, Luopajarvi, Suurnakki, & Ilmarinen, 1988). This finding, as well as those of other Finnish investigators (Heikkinen, Seppanen, & Rimpela, 1975), are important because they suggest that occupation is one of the risk factors for physical frailty in senescence. There is a major knowledge gap in our understanding of how occupational hazards and physical frailty are related, however, because of the specialized nature of our research efforts. The failure of health professionals to take a life-span approach to cumulative trauma disorders (the majority of which effect the musculoskeletal system) has resulted in the knowledge gap. The long term costs of occupationally induced cumulative trauma disorders (i.e., change in occupation or profession, reduced standard of living, physical limitations, etc.) have not been examined because professionals only follow the afflicted until they have settled insurance claims or their symptoms have
‘Now at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Reprint requests should be directed to the following address: NIDA/ Special Projects Group. 5600 Fishers Lane - Rockwall I1 Bldg., Suite 615, Rockville, MD. 20857. ’This preface was written, and the special issue edited by Dr. Winn in his private capacity. No official support or endorsement by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is intended or should be inferred.
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
140
WlNN
been successfully treated. Gerontologists and geriatricians, however, examine musculoskeletal problems in senescence without fully examining the precursors of the conditions occurring throughout the lifespan. Wickstrom (1978) has provided one of the few attempts to detail the hereditary and environmental causes (c.g., occupation) of musculoskeletal morbidity. The specific niusculoskeletal condition Wickstrom evaluated was chronic low-back pain associated with lumbar degeneration. Heikkinen, Seppanen, and Rimpella (1975) have provided data suggesting that functional age, as well as susceptibility to disease states, are influenced by occupation. Heikkinen, et al. did not include the musculoskeletal system among their variables. The importance of their study is in showing that occupation can have a long term effect on a number of organ systems. The impact of events occurring throughout the lifespan on musculoskeletal morbidity can be inferred from Figure 1. This figure indicates that, for all ages, cumulative trauma disorders accounted for over 50% of the occupational injuries and illnesses in the United States, reported on the OSHA Form 200 logs. In a recent study, Winn (1990) estimated that it probably was not uncommon to have between 1 /5th to 1/3rd of entire industries exposed to conditions that could result in musculoskeletal morbidity. The costs for occupationally-induced musculoskeletal disorders are impressive. Webster and Snook ( 1990)
50
-
m 0 40 +
-
P)
C
Q)
2
30
-
20
-
10
I
Q)
a , 01 0 2 83 0 4 0 5 0 6 1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
87 00 09
YEAR FIGURE 1. Cumulative trauma disorders as a percentage of total recorded occupational illnesses’
‘ Prepared by Vern Putz-Anderson,Ph.D., Psychophysiology and Biomechanics Section, Applied Psychology and Ergonomics Branch, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, NIOSH. Data for all but the most recent year is from the annual BLS surveys Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry. Data are plotted for Category 7f, “Disorders associated with repeated trauma,” from the OSHA Form 200 logs. 1989 data is from BLS, 1990, USDL 90 - 582.
estimated that total compensable costs for occupationally-induced low back pain during 1986 was 3: 1 1.1 billion. If the indirect costs of the problems noted carlier (i.c.. changes in standard of living, occupation, ctc..) as wcll ;is the costs for other occupationally-induced niusculoskcleta1 problems are considered, this figure probably would rise by several orders of magnitude. If wc‘ are t o bc successful in reducing both the incidence and costs o f musculoskeletal disorders in senescence (scc Wcindruch, Hadley, and Ory [in press]), then we must take i i life-span perspective and target our intcrvcntions nnd prevention strategies at the beginning of ;I career a n d not at the end (i.e., a dynamic-proactive, ralhcr t h a n ;I static-reactive, strategy). Initiating a dynamic-proactive approach for ergonomic interventions will reduce the incidence o f cumtilative trauma disorders, reduce the incidence of disability retirement, and increase productivity, as well ;ISimprovc the quality of life across the life-span. The discipline 0 1 ergonomics, which seeks to reduce occupationally induced cumulative trauma disorders, is a relatively new area with a limited data base, however. The purpose of this issue is to interest gerontologists in the area of ergonomics and the older worker by providing timely reviews of the availablc research a i d literature in the area. The articles are written b), ergonomists. The ergonomists who prepiircd these papers were asked to accomplish the following tlircc tasks: 1.) Provide the basic concepts necessary to understand their specialty; 2 . ) review the literature, including a n y studies using subjects 40 yrs or older (the age uscd to define the older worker in federal legislation [ Kones S! Herz, 19891); and, 3 . ) provide recommendations regnrding future research. Because this area is in it\ infancy. the authors of these reviews have capitalized on ;I unique opportunity by defining the problems and providing guidance for future research. All of the contributors commented that not much research has been pcrformed in the area and, consequently, little in thc: way of published research dealing with the older worker is available. I t is hoped, therefore, that the interaction between ergonomists and gerontologists will rcsult in collaborative relationships that can help us solve prohlems that neither discipline can solve alone. This issue (Part A) contains five papers. ‘Ihe first paper (Ergonomics and the Older Worker: An Ovcrview, by Arun Garg) is a review of age-related pcrl‘ormance declines, a history and definition of ergonomics, and some general observations about rcsearch needs and how ergonomics can help the older worker. Thc second contribution (Anthropometry of an Aging Work Force, by Annis, Case, Clauser, and Bradtmiller) covers the available anthropometric data bases and thcir utility for designing work spaces for older workers. The authors use data from the studies they review to design scatcd workplace for older workers. This example is not only valuable for industrial planners, but also for those individuals designing living environments for older coc~
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 05:58 30 December 2017
ERGON OM ICS
141
horts. The third paper (Biomechanical Aspects of Low Back Pain in the Older Worker, by Chaffin and AshtonMiller) reviews over 90 papers dealing with the biomechanics of low-back pain, age, and manual work. Compensable costs related to low back pain are increasing faster than for any other type of workplace injury (Webster & Snook, 1990). The incidence of occupationally-induced low-back pain can be reduced by ergonomically redesigning jobs using, among other tools, anthropometry. The final two papers in this issue deal with thermal stress including, heat stress (Aging and Heat Tolerance at Rest or During Work, by Kent Pandolf) and cold stress (Effects of Aging on Human Cold Tolerance, by Andrew Young). Both of these papers are important and timely because of the number of older individuals employed in the outdoors, especially in rural areas, and the recent emphasis placed on agricultural safety and health’. A future special issue on ergonomics and the older worker will contain four reviews. The papers will be in the same format and cover lower extremity disorders, upper extremity disorders, shiftwork, and vigilance. References
AARP Staff (1989). Japan expands programs to hire the elderly. WorkingAge, 4(6), p. 4. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1990). Occupational injuries and illnesses in the United States by industry, 1988 (Bulletin 2366). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Czaja, S. J. (Ed.). (1990a). Aging [Special issue]. Human Factors, 32(5). Czaja, S. J. (Ed.). (1990b). Human Factors Research Needs for an Aging Population. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Ekelof, E. (1988). New Volvo plant in Uddevalla: More than just assembly. Working Environment 1988 (Arbetsmiljo International), 6-7. Heikkinen, E., Seppaanen, B, & Rimpela, M. (1975). Biological age, health, and health-risk indicators among 25-57 year-old men in two parts of Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 3, 105- 1 10. ‘Surgeon General’s Conference: Agricultural Safety and Health. Des Moines, IA., April 30 - May 3, 1901. Also see AHCPR grant announcement PA-91-23 (Rural Health Care Research: Impacting Vulnerable Populations. NIH Guide fiir Grunts atid C’otitrucrs, 2O(h). February X. 1901.)
Ilmarinen, J. (1988). Physiological criteria for retirement age. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &Health, I4(Suppl. l), 88-89. Leon, A. S. (1987). Introduction to the symposium: Age as a criterion for work performance-chronologic vs physiologic age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(2), 157-158. NygPrd, C. H., Suurnakkir, T., & Ilmarinen, J. (1983). Effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work in women and men aged 44 to 58 years. European Journal ofApplied Physiology, 58, 13-19. NygPrd, C. H., Luopajarvi, T., Suurnakki, T., & Ilmarinen, J. (1988). Muscle strength and muscle endurance of middle-aged women and men associated to type, duration and intensity of muscular load at work. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 60,291-297. McLaughlin, A. (1989). Older worker task force: Key Policy Issues for the future (Report of the Secretary of Labor) (GPO: 1989 0 - 227-995 : QL 3). Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office. Rones, P. L., & Herz, D. E. (1989). Labor Market Problems of Older Workers (Repot? of the Secretary of Labor). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Snyder, C. J., & Barrett, G . V. (1988). The age discrimination in employment act: A review of court decisions [Monograph 1. Experimen ta 1Aging Research , I 4 ( 1). Staff. (Nov. 14, 1990). BLS reports on survey of occupational injuries and illnesses in 1989. News: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. USDL - 90-582. Webster, B. S., & Snook, S. H. (1990). The cost of compensable low back pain. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32( l ) , 13-15. Weindruch, R., Hadley, E., & Ory, M. (in press). Overview: Reducing frailty and fall-related injuries in older persons. In R. Weindruch, E. Hadley, & M. Ory (Eds.), Reducing frailty and falls in older persons. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas. Wickstrom, G. (1978). Effect of work on degenerative back disease. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment& Health, 4(Suppl. 1), 1-12. Winn, F. J. (1990). Part 1: NOES-based probabilities of exposure to ergonomic hazards and physical agents by two-digit standard industrial classification codes. Unpublished manuscript. (NIOSH end of project report [CAN: 9-92782501).
