December 2014
9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111:1253-61. Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ 1990;300:230-5. Bertino E, Spada E, Occhi L, Coscia A, Giuliani F, Gagliardi L, et al. Neonatal anthropometric chart: the Italian neonatal study compared with other European studies. J Pediatr Gastoenter Nutr 2010;51:353-61. Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Adamkin DH. Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants. Pediatrics 2011;127:575-9. Anderson MS, Hay WW. Intrauterine growth restriction and the smallfor-gestational-age infant. In: Avery GB, MacDonald MG, Seshia MMK, Mullett MD, eds. Avery’s neonatology: Pathophysiology and management of the newborn. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 490-522. Mejri A, Dorval VG, Nuyt AM, Carceller A. Hypoglycemia in term newborns with a birth weight below the 10th percentile. Pediatr Child Health 2010;15:271-5.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES 14. Tudehope D, Vento M, Bhutta Z, Pachi P. Nutritional requirement and feeding recommendations for small for gestational age infants. J Pediatr 2013;162:S81-9. 15. Bragg JJ, Green R, Holzman IR. Does early enteral feeding prevent hypoglycemia in small for gestational age neonates? J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2013;6:131-5. 16. Davanzo R, Monasta L, Ronfani L, Brovedani P, Demarini S. Breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Study Group. Breastfeeding at NICU discharge: a multicenter Italian study. J Hum Lact 2013;29:374-80. 17. Maggio L, Costa S, Zecca C, Giordano L. Methods of enteral feeding in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2012;88(Suppl 2):S31-3. 18. Kapel N, Campeotto F, Kalach N, Baldassare M, Butel MJ, Dupont C. Faecal calprotectin in term and preterm neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;51:542-7. 19. Yang Q, Smith PB, Goldberg RN, Cotten CM. Dynamic change of fecal calprotectin in very low birth weight infants during the first month of life. Neonatology 2008;94:267-71.
50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS The Epidemiology of Prematurity Baird, D. 1964;65:909-24
I
n 1964, Sir Dugal Baird provided a comprehensive summary of factors associated with increased risk of prematurity. Then, as now, “prematurity” was the leading cause of death in the first week of life, neonatal period, and infancy. At the time of this publication, however, the definition of prematurity rate differed significantly from its current usage. As distinct from the earlier categorization of prematurity rate as all births less than 2500 g, we now separate preterm birth as birth at less than 37 weeks of completed gestation, from low birth weight, which could occur at term (in a chronologically mature infant) or preterm. Approximately one-half of the births considered were low birth weight infants rather than those of short gestation. Nonetheless, despite these differences, the same pregnancy characteristics and generic risk factors emerged in Dr Baird’s analyses. Low socioeconomic status, smaller maternal body habitus— both height and weight, and thought to reflect nutrition inadequacy, African American race, smoking, and heightened environmental stress all associated with increased risk of prematurity. Moreover, more than one-half of premature infants were products of otherwise uneventful pregnancies. So where have we come given this long-standing recognition of risk factors in reducing prematurity? Over the period 1990-2006, preterm birth rates increased by 20%-30% in the US, despite initiation of robust and widespread programs to enhance maternal care. Since 2006, preterm birth rates have steadily decreased from 12.8% to now approaching 11%, largely because of changes in obstetric practice in timing of induced deliveries. Still, more than one-half of premature infants occur to otherwise uneventful pregnancies in women at risk, often with modifiable risk factors such as low pre-pregnancy weight, inadequate pregnancy weight gain, short interpregnancy interval, and smoking. Better strategies to provide pre-conception mediation of these factors are essential for implementation in both high resource and lower resource countries. Just as importantly, as Baird recognized, and as remains the case today, the mechanisms that initiate labor and coordinate the duration of pregnancy with fetal growth are elusive and critical targets for discovery. James M. Greenberg, MD Louis J. Muglia, MD, PhD Perinatal Institute Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.045
Proactive Enteral Nutrition in Moderately Preterm Small for Gestational Age Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial
1139
9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111:1253-61. Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ 1990;300:230-5. Bertino E, Spada E, Occhi L, Coscia A, Giuliani F, Gagliardi L, et al. Neonatal anthropometric chart: the Italian neonatal study compared with other European studies. J Pediatr Gastoenter Nutr 2010;51:353-61. Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Adamkin DH. Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants. Pediatrics 2011;127:575-9. Anderson MS, Hay WW. Intrauterine growth restriction and the smallfor-gestational-age infant. In: Avery GB, MacDonald MG, Seshia MMK, Mullett MD, eds. Avery’s neonatology: Pathophysiology and management of the newborn. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 490-522. Mejri A, Dorval VG, Nuyt AM, Carceller A. Hypoglycemia in term newborns with a birth weight below the 10th percentile. Pediatr Child Health 2010;15:271-5.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES 14. Tudehope D, Vento M, Bhutta Z, Pachi P. Nutritional requirement and feeding recommendations for small for gestational age infants. J Pediatr 2013;162:S81-9. 15. Bragg JJ, Green R, Holzman IR. Does early enteral feeding prevent hypoglycemia in small for gestational age neonates? J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2013;6:131-5. 16. Davanzo R, Monasta L, Ronfani L, Brovedani P, Demarini S. Breastfeeding in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Study Group. Breastfeeding at NICU discharge: a multicenter Italian study. J Hum Lact 2013;29:374-80. 17. Maggio L, Costa S, Zecca C, Giordano L. Methods of enteral feeding in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2012;88(Suppl 2):S31-3. 18. Kapel N, Campeotto F, Kalach N, Baldassare M, Butel MJ, Dupont C. Faecal calprotectin in term and preterm neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;51:542-7. 19. Yang Q, Smith PB, Goldberg RN, Cotten CM. Dynamic change of fecal calprotectin in very low birth weight infants during the first month of life. Neonatology 2008;94:267-71.
50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS The Epidemiology of Prematurity Baird, D. 1964;65:909-24
I
n 1964, Sir Dugal Baird provided a comprehensive summary of factors associated with increased risk of prematurity. Then, as now, “prematurity” was the leading cause of death in the first week of life, neonatal period, and infancy. At the time of this publication, however, the definition of prematurity rate differed significantly from its current usage. As distinct from the earlier categorization of prematurity rate as all births less than 2500 g, we now separate preterm birth as birth at less than 37 weeks of completed gestation, from low birth weight, which could occur at term (in a chronologically mature infant) or preterm. Approximately one-half of the births considered were low birth weight infants rather than those of short gestation. Nonetheless, despite these differences, the same pregnancy characteristics and generic risk factors emerged in Dr Baird’s analyses. Low socioeconomic status, smaller maternal body habitus— both height and weight, and thought to reflect nutrition inadequacy, African American race, smoking, and heightened environmental stress all associated with increased risk of prematurity. Moreover, more than one-half of premature infants were products of otherwise uneventful pregnancies. So where have we come given this long-standing recognition of risk factors in reducing prematurity? Over the period 1990-2006, preterm birth rates increased by 20%-30% in the US, despite initiation of robust and widespread programs to enhance maternal care. Since 2006, preterm birth rates have steadily decreased from 12.8% to now approaching 11%, largely because of changes in obstetric practice in timing of induced deliveries. Still, more than one-half of premature infants occur to otherwise uneventful pregnancies in women at risk, often with modifiable risk factors such as low pre-pregnancy weight, inadequate pregnancy weight gain, short interpregnancy interval, and smoking. Better strategies to provide pre-conception mediation of these factors are essential for implementation in both high resource and lower resource countries. Just as importantly, as Baird recognized, and as remains the case today, the mechanisms that initiate labor and coordinate the duration of pregnancy with fetal growth are elusive and critical targets for discovery. James M. Greenberg, MD Louis J. Muglia, MD, PhD Perinatal Institute Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.045
Proactive Enteral Nutrition in Moderately Preterm Small for Gestational Age Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial
1139
