THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
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16. Singer W, Sletten DM, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Brands CK, Fischer PR, Low PA. Postural tachycardia in children and adolescents: what is abnormal. J Pediatr 2012;160:222-6. 17. Raj SR. The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (postural tachycardia syndrome): pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. India Pacing Electrophysiol J 2006;6:84-9. 18. Winder R, Barth A, Bidmon D, Ponocny I, Weber M, Mayr O, et al. Endurance exercise training in orthostatic intolerance: a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2005;45:391-8. 19. Azizi M, Iturrioz X, Blanchard A, Peyrard S, De Mota N, Chartrel N, et al. Reciprocal regulation of plasma apelin and vasopressin by osmotic stimuli. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1015-24. 20. Holwerda DA. A glycopeptide from the posterior lobe of pig pituitaries. Eur J Biochem 1972;28:334-9. 21. Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A. Copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the vasopressin precursor, is elevated in serum of sepsis patients. Peptides 2005;26:2500-4. 22. Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Assay for the measurement of Copeptin, a stable peptide derived form the precursor of vasopressin. Clin Chem 2006;52:112-9. 23. Wuttke A, Dixit KC, Szinnai G, Werth SC, Haagen U, Christ-Crain M, et al. Copeptin as a marker for arginine-vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone secretion in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. Endocrine 2013;44:744-9.
Vol. 165, No. 2 24. Zhang Q, Liao Y, Tang C, Du J, Jin H. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium excretion and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Pediatr 2012; 161:281-4. 25. Coffin ST, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Paranjape SY, Orozco C, Black PW, et al. Desmopressin acutely decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2012;9: 1484-90. 26. Gordon VM, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Novak V, Low PA. Hemodynamic and symptomatic effects of acute interventions on tilt in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2000;10: 29-33. 27. Hoeldtke RD, Bryner KD, Hoeldtke ME, Hobbs G. Treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome: a comparison of octreotide and midodrine. Clin Auton Res 2006;16:390-5. 28. Lamarre-Cliche M, Souich PD, Champlain JD, Larochelle P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of midodrine on blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system, and plasma natriuretic peptides: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, twoperiod, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2008;30: 1629-38. 29. Raj SR, Biaggioni I, Yamhure PC, Black BK, Paranjape SY, Byrne DW, et al. Renin-aldosterone paradox and perturbed blood volume regulation underlying postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation 2005;111: 1574-82.
50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS The Pattern of Hearing Following Acute Otitis Media Olmsted RW, Alvarez MC, Moroney JD, Eversden M. J Pediatr 1964;65:252-5
T
he questions that Olmsted et al were trying to answer 50 years ago were pertinent and necessary: (1) Does acute otitis media produce hearing impairment in children? and (2) If so, for how long? Although the study did not include children younger than 30 months of age, the most common age for acute otitis media,1 it provided important insights about how many children will present with hearing loss after an episode of acute otitis media. The work by Olmsted et al presented evidence of an outcome (hearing loss at 6 months) that could be considered a surrogate endpoint. This is an outcome that could explain indirectly what the effect is of acute otitis media on other clinically important outcomes such as speech development or school performance. Besides providing some answers, it also generated more questions of lesser importance. All the children in the study were treated with either penicillin or tetracycline, which led us to ask, whether antibiotics could prevent or decrease the risk of hearing loss at any time point. Evidence from a systematic review that compiles 3 randomized trials (the first of them published in 1981) showed no difference between antibiotics or placebo groups on hearing loss at 3 months.2 Nowadays, the question has focused not on the effect of acute otitis media on hearing loss, but more on the relationship between otitis media with effusion with hearing loss and speech development and how certain interventions (ie, adenoidectomy, ventilation tubes) might hamper the development of this undesirable consequence. Studies are still scarce, although the data available suggest the benefits are small.3 Carlos A. Cuello-Garcia, MD Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monterrey, Nuevo Le on, Mexico
References
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.03.002
1. Klein JO. Epidemiology of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8(Suppl 1):S9. 2. Venekamp RP, Sanders S, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;CD000219. 3. Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD001801.
294
Zhao et al
www.jpeds.com
16. Singer W, Sletten DM, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Brands CK, Fischer PR, Low PA. Postural tachycardia in children and adolescents: what is abnormal. J Pediatr 2012;160:222-6. 17. Raj SR. The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (postural tachycardia syndrome): pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. India Pacing Electrophysiol J 2006;6:84-9. 18. Winder R, Barth A, Bidmon D, Ponocny I, Weber M, Mayr O, et al. Endurance exercise training in orthostatic intolerance: a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2005;45:391-8. 19. Azizi M, Iturrioz X, Blanchard A, Peyrard S, De Mota N, Chartrel N, et al. Reciprocal regulation of plasma apelin and vasopressin by osmotic stimuli. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1015-24. 20. Holwerda DA. A glycopeptide from the posterior lobe of pig pituitaries. Eur J Biochem 1972;28:334-9. 21. Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A. Copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the vasopressin precursor, is elevated in serum of sepsis patients. Peptides 2005;26:2500-4. 22. Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Assay for the measurement of Copeptin, a stable peptide derived form the precursor of vasopressin. Clin Chem 2006;52:112-9. 23. Wuttke A, Dixit KC, Szinnai G, Werth SC, Haagen U, Christ-Crain M, et al. Copeptin as a marker for arginine-vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone secretion in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. Endocrine 2013;44:744-9.
Vol. 165, No. 2 24. Zhang Q, Liao Y, Tang C, Du J, Jin H. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium excretion and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Pediatr 2012; 161:281-4. 25. Coffin ST, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Paranjape SY, Orozco C, Black PW, et al. Desmopressin acutely decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2012;9: 1484-90. 26. Gordon VM, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Novak V, Low PA. Hemodynamic and symptomatic effects of acute interventions on tilt in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2000;10: 29-33. 27. Hoeldtke RD, Bryner KD, Hoeldtke ME, Hobbs G. Treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome: a comparison of octreotide and midodrine. Clin Auton Res 2006;16:390-5. 28. Lamarre-Cliche M, Souich PD, Champlain JD, Larochelle P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of midodrine on blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system, and plasma natriuretic peptides: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, twoperiod, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2008;30: 1629-38. 29. Raj SR, Biaggioni I, Yamhure PC, Black BK, Paranjape SY, Byrne DW, et al. Renin-aldosterone paradox and perturbed blood volume regulation underlying postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation 2005;111: 1574-82.
50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS The Pattern of Hearing Following Acute Otitis Media Olmsted RW, Alvarez MC, Moroney JD, Eversden M. J Pediatr 1964;65:252-5
T
he questions that Olmsted et al were trying to answer 50 years ago were pertinent and necessary: (1) Does acute otitis media produce hearing impairment in children? and (2) If so, for how long? Although the study did not include children younger than 30 months of age, the most common age for acute otitis media,1 it provided important insights about how many children will present with hearing loss after an episode of acute otitis media. The work by Olmsted et al presented evidence of an outcome (hearing loss at 6 months) that could be considered a surrogate endpoint. This is an outcome that could explain indirectly what the effect is of acute otitis media on other clinically important outcomes such as speech development or school performance. Besides providing some answers, it also generated more questions of lesser importance. All the children in the study were treated with either penicillin or tetracycline, which led us to ask, whether antibiotics could prevent or decrease the risk of hearing loss at any time point. Evidence from a systematic review that compiles 3 randomized trials (the first of them published in 1981) showed no difference between antibiotics or placebo groups on hearing loss at 3 months.2 Nowadays, the question has focused not on the effect of acute otitis media on hearing loss, but more on the relationship between otitis media with effusion with hearing loss and speech development and how certain interventions (ie, adenoidectomy, ventilation tubes) might hamper the development of this undesirable consequence. Studies are still scarce, although the data available suggest the benefits are small.3 Carlos A. Cuello-Garcia, MD Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monterrey, Nuevo Le on, Mexico
References
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.03.002
1. Klein JO. Epidemiology of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8(Suppl 1):S9. 2. Venekamp RP, Sanders S, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;CD000219. 3. Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD001801.
294
Zhao et al
